Research On The Growth And The Soil Adaptability Of‘granny Smith’Apple Grown In Tianjin

Research on the growth and the soil adaptability of‘Granny Smith’ apple grown in clay loam with more gravels,clay loam and sandy loam of Tianjin was introduced,in order to provide the apple’s commercial cultivation in Tianjin and the areas with similar environment with practical guidance.Phenology,shoot and root growth,anatomical structure of leaves,pigment content,photosynthetic characteristics,and physiological and biochemical properties were investigated in the experiment.Phenological phase observations showed that ‘Granny Smith’ in Tianjin sprouted in March 25 th,opened its leaf in April 4th.The shoot grew from March 31 th to September 16 th,with two shoot growth peaks that were in May 10 th and the end of August,with the defoliation in the end of November.There are three root growth peaks that are in April 30 th,July 30 th and September 21 th respectively and appeared alternately with the shoot growth peaks.Average annual shoot growth length and diameter was 45.1 cm 1.439 cm respectively.Root total length per plant was 103.2 cm,with leaf area of 45.938 cm2 and single leaf thickness of 238.60μm.There were no significant differences in the shoot length and diameter under the three soil conditions,but with the higher length and diameter for the plants grown in clay loam with more gravels.The leaf area of the plants grown in clay loam with more gravels was significantly lower than that of the plants grown in clay loam and sandy loam while the leaf thickness and the ratio of palisade to spongy tissues of the former were significantly or very significantly higher than that of the two latter.The root activity and soluble sugar content of the plants grown in sandy loam were very significantly lower than that of the plants grown in clay loam with more gravels and had no significant difference with that in clay loam.There was no significant difference in leaf soluble sugar content between the three soil textures.When ‘Granny Smith’ was grown in sandy loam MDA content in the leaf was significantly higher than those in the other two types of soil and antioxidant enzyme(SOD,POD,CAT)activities were the lowest in all.There were relative small difference in pigment content between the three types of soil condition,with no significant difference in respect of the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll contents(Car/Chl).Net photosynthetic rates(Pn)of the plants grown in clay loam with more gravel sand sandy loam appeared no significant difference between each other but was very significantly higher than those in clay loam.The membership function had the biggest mean value for the plants in clay loam with more gravels,the second biggest one for that in clay loam and the smallest one for that in sandy loam.Conclusions could drown from analysis in the paper that ‘Granny Smith’ had good adaptability to the tested soil and grew normally in Tianjin area,whether grew in the clay loam with more gravels or clay loam or sandy loam,with the best growing manifestation for the plants grown in the clay loam with more gravels.Pay attention to fertility enhancement and salinity stress reduction when ‘Granny Smith’ was planted in sandy loam and clay loam.