Effects Of Different Cover Patterns On Soil Properties And Economic Benefit Of Apple Orchards In Weibei Highland

As the largest production area in the global apple industry,China has become a major apple exporter.Shaanxi Province is not only one of the important high-quality production regions of China's apple production,but also the largest region in the world for large-scale planting.However,most of the apple orchards in the province are operated by small farmers,and the traditional mode of clear farming is the main model.For a long time,fluctuations in soil water availability due to uneven regional rainfall have led to low overall yield,unsteady apple quality,poor uniformity of fruit quality,and limited economic potential.In order to improve this situation,this paper is based on the general principle of fertigation and conservation of fertility in the field,with the help of experimental designs for different coverings between strains and between rows.The effects of covering cultivation mode on soil water and fertilizer,fruit yield and quality,and economic benefits of apple orchard were explored in order to lay a scientific foundation for the development of the method of improving quality and efficiency of apple production in this area.The experiment was conducted in Luochuan County in 2014.A total of four treatments :(I)Between the strains covered with corn stalks and black film,between the rows of natural grass;(II)Between the strains covered with sawdust and black film,between the rows of the clover;(III)Between the strains covered with forest soil and black film,between the rows of forest soil;(CK)covered with black cover,clearing between rows.Soil physicochemical analysis and production cost accounting were performed at the flowering period,expanding period,mature period.And measure and analyze the light and accumulation of its leaves during the expanding period of apple enlargement.Finally,during the mature period,yield output,quality appraisal and economic benefit evaluation were carried out.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Regardless of between strains or rows,different cover and tillage treatments significantly affected soil surface water content.In terms of inter-plant coverage,the combination of straw and black membrane combined with sawdust and black membrane was the best,followed by forest soil and black membrane,and the single black membrane was the worst.This feature is particularly evident during apple flowering.Compared to CK,straw and sawdust increased by 10.3%,and forest soil increased by 4.5%.In terms of inter-row coverage,clover and natural grasses are superior to forest soils,and the clearing effect is the worst.The rainfall during the expanding and maturation periods was relatively abundant,with no significant difference between treatments(P<0.05).(2)Different coverage measures can increase soil fertility,but the increase of organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium is different.With the exception of rapidly available phosphorus,the content of other indicators showed a decreasing trend overall during the growth period.For coverage in the strains,The forest soil fertility increased the most,followed by corn stalks and sawdust,and the control single black film was the worst.For coverage in the rows,The forest soil is the highest,the clover is better,the natural grass is the next,and the clear cultivation will reduce the soil fertility,and the effect is the worst.(3)Different coverage combinations could significantly increase the photosynthetic accumulation of fruit trees during the expanding period.The overall net photosynthetic rate natural grass park increased by 20.26% compared with the CK,clover park increased by 20.95%,and forest land park increased by 12.24%.For chlorophyll SPAD values,the natural grass park value was 8.78% higher than CK,clover park was 12.15% higher than CK,and forest land park was 9.89% higher than CK.(4)Different coverage combinations can significantly improve fruit quality,yield,and unit price.Forest land park had the highest yield and the highest unit price,which was 1.44 Yuan/kg and 725 kg higher than the control,but the quality was second;Clover park,the unit yield and unit price in the second,were 0.94 Yuan/kg and 575 kg higher than the control respectively,and the best quality;The yield,unit price,and quality of natural grass park were all in the third place,0.3 Yuan/kg and 425 kg higher than the control respectively.All of these,the CK was end,significantly lower than other coverage combinations.(5)The input costs of different coverage combinations are different,and the income is also different.The trend is that the net income of covered acres is higher than that of the control.Among them,forest land park has the most income,but the investment is also the largest.For a single year,the input is greater than the income,but the input is lowest from the second year,and the output is the highest.The input of clover park is the lowest,the income is the second,and the output ratio is the highest Second.The input to natural grass park,the third income,the output is relatively low;CK income and investment is the worst.In summary,each cover treatment is superior to the control in terms of soil moisture maintenance,soil fertility promotion,photosynthetic efficiency improvement,yield and quality optimization,and economic benefits.However,starting from the input-output ratio in different technology applications,Treatment II is most suitable for promotion in the region,and provides corresponding management measures.