The Regulation Of Copper On Hyphal Branching And Gas Biosynthesis In Ganoderma Lucidum Partly Via The Crosstalk Between ROS,Calcium And NO

Ganoderma lucidumis,as a kind of large medicinal fungi,belong to basidiomycotina,porous fungus,ganoderma.And as a traditional medicinal material,it served in Chinese folk with a long history.Triterpene compounds(also known as the ganoderma lucidum acids,GAs)were the main medicinal ingredients in G.lucidum.It is reported that it has extremely high health care value and nutritional value,because it has significant physiological activity and has a series of functions,like antitumor,anti-hypertension,blood lipid lowering,anti-allergic and liver-protect.With the improvement research improvement of GAs on human health,people pay much more attention to it.And the further exploitation and utilization of G.lucidum has become a hot research field.Organisms are constantly challenged by ever-changing variables in their environment,and heavy metal stress is one important environmental challenge.Currently,heavy metal contamination has grown up to be a serious problem for the environment because of its increasing level caused by anthropogenic activities.Among the metallic elements,copper is one of essential trace elements,acting as an active agon of several enzymes.However,copper also could induce toxicity because of high concentrations in polluted environment.And now,study reported the influence of copper stress on organisms is increasing.Copper treatment,as a kind of ecological stress,could induce many physiological and biochemical reaction in plant and animal.Meanwhile,it has reported that copper also could induce the GAs biosynthesis in G.lucidum.However,the mechanism of GAs biosynthesis induced by copper is not clear,because of the physiological characteristics of G.lucidum and the difficulties of genetic operation.In this study,we found that copper treatment not only increased the amount of GA but also decreased the distance between hyphal branches.Further analysis showed that copper treatment could increase the contents of intracellular ROS,Ca2+ and NO.Further research has found that copper treatment regulated GAs biosynthesis and hyphal branching is dependent on ROS overproduction,and exogenous Ca2+application can inhibit the change in GAs content and hyphal branching induced by copper treatment.And intracellular Ca2+regulated GAs biosynthesis and hyphal branching through regulating ROS signaling under copper stress.Further studies revealed that intracellular Ca2+ regulating the ROS level through regulating the antioxidase activity and the accumulation levels of intracellular copper.The study also found that NO signal has involved in the regulation of hyphal branching and GA biosynthesis by copper treatment,and found that NO signal has involved in the interaction with ROS and Ca2+.Synthesize research result shows that the regulation of copper on hyphal branching,GAs biosynthesis in G.lucidum partly via the crosstalk between ROS,Ca2+and NO.