Study On Defense System Design Of Traditional Hakka Dwellings In Eastern Sichuan

The traditional Hakka dwellings are unique among the traditional Chinese dwellings.Due to their outstanding defense designs and settlement forms.The researches on their cultural and spiritual characters are in the ascendant.In addition to Fujian,Guangdong,and Jiangxi provinces,Sichuan is another dense resident place where the Hakka people live together in a "small settlement,large dispersion" pattern.The previous studies on the traditional Hakka dwellings in Sichuan were concentrated in Yilong,northern Sichuan,and the ancient town of Dongshan Luodai in Chengdu,central Sichuan,focusing on the field of architecture.As the first stop for the Hakka people to enter Sichuan,the eastern Sichuan still preserves the traditional Hakka houses of various shapes and rich connotations,mainly distributed in Fuling,Wulong,Hechuan,Daxian,and Minjiang counties.The defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan is in line with the traditional Hakka dwellings in Fujian,Guangdong and Jiangxi,and has undergone adaptive adjustments with its corresponding regions and cultures.On the contrary,less attention was paid on the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan.Taking the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan as the research object,this paper discusses the system composition,characteristics,structure,classification,and differences of the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan.Great attention was paid to the comprehensive application of multidisciplinary theory to reshape the defense system design of the traditional Hakka residential buildings in eastern Sichuan,in which the methods of the literature researching,field researching,case studying,comparative researching,diachronic researching,and classification induction were adopted.It is of certain innovations and research values to systematically illustrate the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan based on design and architecture and employed the multidisciplinary approaches.At the beginning of the study,the details of Hakka’s dwellings and history records of Hakka migration were collected and reorganized to ensure that the research work is scientific,credible,and of theoretical value.In the second chapter,some important conception and corresponding range are firstly defined.Then,the migration path and time into Sichuan of the Hakka people is verified.After that,the formation and development process of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan were sorted out.Then several factors influencing the defensive design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan were discussed.Based on this,the formation mechanism of the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan were defined from four aspects: natural geographical environment,social culture,defensive objects,construction techniques,and materials.At the initial part of the third chapter,the details of the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan were systematically demonstrated.The whole defense system roughly covers three levels: the whole settlement,residential buildings in the settlement,and internal composition of a single residential building.There are two kinds of system structures respectively corresponding to two dimensions of defensive measures: physical defense(practical function dimension)and spiritual defense(mental psychology dimension).For the physical defense,the border like external walls,and important defensive elements such as watchtowers,doors,windows,and internal logistics supplies,are discussed in detail based on actual cases.The spiritual defense design is studied from the expressions of the traditional Hakka residential defense consciousness,including the site defense,form defense,and other methods.Then four basic characteristics of the defense design of the traditional Hakka dwellings in eastern Sichuan province are further summarized: using local sources in according with the local condition;volume reduction,mainly small;living and defending are syncretic and function is interchangeable;native inheritance and cultural memory.The defense design of the typical traditional Hakka defensive residential buildings in southern Jiangxi and eastern Sichuan are also compared in the fourth chapter where their similarities and differences are summarized and the further definition of the defense system design of the traditional Hakka residential buildings are made.