Electrochemical Sensing Of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene And Acetamidophenol Based On Functionalized Carbon-based Nanomaterials

Owing to their widespread and persistent usage,1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene(CNB)and acetamidophenol(ACT)are two environmental substances that have raised several concerns in the environment recently by posing significant threat to human life and the general environment.CNB is comprised of highly toxic substances that can cause trouble breathing,headaches,irritation of the nose and throat and death in severe cases when one comes into contact with them.On the other hand,ACT is one of the most extensively used drugs in the world,which is essentially consumed to combat pain or reduces fever.Nonetheless,the end product of ACT is believed to give rise to several toxic substances in the environment which are very detrimental to the health of humans and other organisms.High rate of production coupled with the rampant usage of these substances(CNB and ACT)has led to the presence of these harmful substances in various environmental compartment,specifically,aquatic bodies.Judging from this situation,it is highly recommended to design facile,highly sensitive and effective techniques for the monitoring of these environmental pollutants.In recent times,carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanohorns,graphene,carbon black and carbon nanotubes have been extensively applied in the field of analytical chemistry to fabricate electrodes for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to their intrinsic characteristics such as excellent catalytic properties,large superficial area,good electrical and thermal conductivity and electron transfer abilities.In the creation of electrochemical sensors,carbon nanomaterials have contributed greatly to improving the selectivity,stability and sensitivity of sensors during analysis.In this study,two main carbon nanomaterials,namely;carbon nanohorns(CNHs)and carbon black(CB)with superior electrochemical characteristics were modified with other materials to create electrode modification materials for the successful electrochemical determination of CNB and ACT.The following is how the study is being laid outAt first,a nanocomposite based on the synergistic effect of CNHs and beta cyclodextrin(?-CD)were prepared via a simple ultrasonication treatment and used for the electrochemical detection of CNB.The CNHs/?-CD/GCE exhibited satisfactory electrochemical response towards the oxidation of CNB.Based on the optimal experimental conditions,the sensor produced a good linear response range in of 0.05 to 1.0 ?M and a detection limit of 9 nM.Also,the prepared sensor exhibited good reproducibility,stability and resistance towards familiar interfering compounds.Secondly,the already super-conductive CB was doped with nitrogen heteroatoms through a high-temperature calcining method under ammonia flow to attain a nitrogen-doped CB(NDCB)nanocomposite.The electrochemical potential of this sensing platform was examined towards the electrochemical determination of ACT.From the experimental results,it was observed that the sensor showed excellent electrochemical sensing abilities towards the oxidation of ACT.The structure and morphology of the ND-CB/GCE were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy,Scanning electron microscopy,Raman spectrum,X-ray diffractometry and electrochemical impedance analysis.Under the optimum experimental parameters,the proposed sensor produced a wide linear response range of 0.05 to 50.0 ?M and a detection limit of 0.0126?M.Also,the sensor proved to be highly reproducible,with excellent stability and selectivity.Finally,insight was taken from the previous chapter to design a novel electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive simultaneous electrochemical determination of CNB and ACT based on the ND-CB/GCE.The proposed sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical activities towards the oxidation of CNB and ACT by producing high peak currents.Also,the oxidation peak potentials of these two compounds were wide enough to make clear distinctions between them.Based on the optimal experimental parameters,linear determination ranges of 0.05 to 50.0 ?M and 0.05 to 50 ?M and detection limits of 0.012 ?M and 0.014 ?M were recorded by the sensor for CNB and ACT respectively.In addition,the sensor showed good reproducibility,excellent stability,the ability to withstand possible interference from familiar compounds and the potential to detect CNB and ACT in routine real sample analysis.