| Parabens as a widely used organic substance,its removal and fate in the environment have attracted worldwide attention.However,recent studies have found that parabens maybe have the characteristics of endocrine disruptors,which may have influence on human health.The literature review shows that studies on the pollution characteristics and health risks of parabens in the indoor environment were frequently conducted in the world,which made good research progress and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of parabens.However,there are few related studies about parabens in outdoor environment,which makes it impossible to conduct a comprehensive assessment of its health risks.This study takes the main urban area of Harbin as the research area.The outdoor environmental samples(atmosphere,dry deposition,wet deposition,soil)were collected,and the quantitative detection of parabens is carried out.Based on the detected concentration of parabens,their pollution characteristics were comprehensively studied.Finally,the exposure dose and health risks caused by parabens were deeply studied.The objective of the study was to clarify the environmental fate and exposure risks of parabens in outdoor environments.The results of the study can provide a scientific basis for the pollution prevention and control of parabens,and provide a scientific reference for the study on environmental behavior of other types of EDCs.First,the design of the dry and wet deposition sampler were optimized,and the collection methods for atmospheric and soil samples were established.In 2019,a total of 12 wet deposition samples(1 snowfall sample and 11 rainfall samples),5 dry deposition samples,7 pairs of atmospheric samples(gaseous and particulate),and 48 soil samples were collected.According to the literature review and the research foundation of the research group,the pretreatment methods of environmental samples were optimized: ultrasonic extraction method for solid samples(soil and particulate samples),solid phase extraction method for the liquid samples,and Soxhlet extraction method for the gaseous samples.Finally,the HPLC-MS/MS detection method was optimized and applied for the quantitative detection of parabens.The detection rate of parabens in the atmospheric environment is high,indicating their frequent pollution in the outdoor environment.The results showed that the average value of the total concentration of parabens(?8Parabens)in air was 706.88 pg/m3,and the concentration order of the eight targets is: Me P>Et P>Pr P>Bz P>iso-Pr P>isoBu P>Bu P>Hep P.The concentration of parabens in gas phase is much higher than that in the particle phase.Overall,Me P and Et P are the major pollutants in atmospheric samples.In dry deposition samples,the average concentration of 8 parabens(?8Parabens)was 6.73 ng/m2/d.The average concentration of the 8 parabens(?8Parabens)in the rain and snow samples of wet deposition samples was 55.23 and 389.70 ng/L,respectively.The parabens concentration in the snow samples was much higher than that in the rain samples.The average dry deposition fluxes by gas phase and particle phase of ?3Parabens(Me P,Et P and Pr P)were 1099.78±774.98 and 142.54±97.99 pg/m2/h,respectively,and the highest contribution rate was made by Me P.Then,soil samples from 48 grids within the third ring road of Harbin City were analyzed,and the pollution characteristics of parabens in the soil samples were studied.The results showed that the average value of the total concentration of 8 parabens(?8Parabens)was 2.879 ng/g,and the concentration order of the 8 target compounds is: Me P>Pr P>iso-Pr P>Et P>Hep P>iso-Bu P>Bu P>Bz P,Me P and Pr P are the dominated pollutants in the soil samples.Then thesource identification of parabens in the soil were conducted.The results indicated that Me P and Pr P were significantly positively correlated,indicating that they are from similar sources.Three principal factors were extracted by principal component analysis,and the explained variances are 35.45%,15.99% and 12.86%,respectively.In this study,the exposure dose and health risk of parabens in the atmosphere and soil were comprehensively studied.The exposure doses with air breathing and soil ingestion were we calculated,respectively.The exposure doses for the two exposure routes were compared.It was found that for both male and female populations,the exposure dose of parabens with the outdoor atmosphere was an order of magnitude higher than that with the soil.However,for children,the exposure dose of parabens with the soil was one order of magnitude higher than that with the outdoor atmosphere.Finally,based on the total exposure dose of parabens for both the atmosphere and the soil,the average total exposure risk was 10-9,which was far less than 1.In summary,the results indicated that the exposure risk of parabens in outdoor environment is very small and can not pose a threat to human health. |
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