| In this study,we selected four scenic spots in the Zijin Mountain Scenic Area(Hong lou Garden,Mei hua mountain,Bo ai Garden,Liu hui Garden).We investigated the soil properties close to the main trail in scenic spot.In that case,eight roads were selected(width: 3m)to determine the effects on soil,vegetation cover ratio and vegetation height within 7m of the edge road were counted.Along each trail,we selected 3 plots that away from the edge of the trail.The first plot was 1m away from edge,which represent high disturbance region.The second plot was 3m away from edge,which represent middle disturbance region.The third plot was the control located at 7m away from the edge.In each plot,we collected soil samples at different seasons under different degrees of tourist disturbance.We also conducted Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and then the variance contributes and capacity are calculated to determine the importance and contribution of each factor on the soil quality.Finally,the soil quality under tourism disturbance was calculated by summing up the index.The Soil Integrated Quality Index model(SIQI)was established in order to understand the impacts of tourist activities on soil,to inform management on restoring soil quality,to provide basic data and theoretical basis for the scenic spot of eco-tourism planning and management.The results showed that:(1)With the increase of disturbance intensity,the soil water content,Maximum moisture content,Capillary moisture content,capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity gradually decreased,showing the trend of CK>middle disturbance>high disturbance,and the soil density tends to increase.Among them,CK has the lowest soil density,the most loose texture and good structure.Tourism disturbance reduce the porosity and aeration,resulting in deterioration of soil.There are some differences in different seasons(spring-summer-autumn-winter)that soil density is greater in spring and autumn,and summer and winter are smaller.The soil water content and soil moisture holding capacity showed greater in winter and summer,spring and autumn is small.(2)Compared with CK,the soil pH of the same scenic spot showed a decreasing trend in each season,but the difference was not significant.The pH increased from 4.94 in the control area to 5.20,indicating that tourism disturbance would increase the acidity of the soil to a certain extent.Under the disturbance of tourism,The soil organic matter in the high disturbance area was reduced by 30.51% compared with the control area,and the middle disturbance area was reduced by 23.43%.Compared with CK,the soil total nitrogen content in the seasons(spring-summer-autumn-winter)of Bo ai Garden,Liu hui Garden and Mei hua mountain decreased significantly(P<0.05),which was a decrease of 47.10%,39.80%,43.73%,45.66%(Bo ai Garden),52.42%,45.29%,49.68%,45.01%(Liu hui Garden),44.62%,40.92%,48.56%,34.72%(Mei hua Mountain)under high disturbance.In terms of soil available phosphorus content,compared with CK,except for the summer data of the Liu hui Garden,all other treatments showed a significant downward trend,indicating that soil available phosphorus is more sensitive to human disturbance.(3)The increase of tourism disturbance intensity will lead to the decline of soil urease,acid phosphatase,sucrase and soil catalase.Compared with CK,the soil sucrase was significantly decreased(P<0.05)under high disturbance and middle disturbances in different seasons,which indicated that soil sucrase was most sensitive to tourism disturbance compared with other soil enzymes.Taking spring data as an example,under high disturbance and middle disturbance in all scenic spots,soil invertase activity decreased by 72.77%,70.37%(Bo ai Garden),81.97%,81.12%(Liu Hui Garden),82.20%,78.96%(Mei hua Mountain),76.96%,51.75%(Hong lou Garden),respectively.In addition,there were some differences in response of soil enzymes to different seasons.The enzyme content was the highest in summer,and the soil enzyme content in spring,autumn and winter showed a fluctuating trend.(4)By calculating the weights of the evaluation indicators,soil organic matter(0.090),soil available phosphorus(0.099),soil urease(0.088),and soil sucrose(0.090)weights are relatively large,which means that the contribution to soil quality is greater.According to the weighted summation of all evaluation indicators,with the increase of disturbance intensity,the soil quality of all scenic spots in different seasons showed a gradual decline.From the point of view of seasonal dynamic changes,spring and autumn are the peak seasons for tourism with large people flow,so the soil quality is low.Summer rainfall is sufficient,the number of tourists dropped sharply,and the soil quality was high.Due to CK is undisturbed,soil quality is higher in summer and autumn.Through Structural equation models(SEM)analysis,the results showed that in addition to directly affecting the soil quality,soil physicochemical properties and soil enzymes also affect soil enzymes indirectly through acting on other indicators.The soil moisture content and soil total nitrogen have the greatest comprehensive effect on soil quality,0.743 and 0.551 respectively.(5)From the perspective of tourists,from 2013 to 2017,the number of tourists for the National Day and Labor Day in the Zijin Mountain Scenic Area increased year by year.By 2017,the number of tourists reached 285,000.Through the area volume method,ecological capacity method and soil carrying capacity,the tourism ecological environment capacity of this scenic spot is 41250 people.Therefore,tourism disturbance has caused a negative impact on the ecological environment of the scenic spot. |
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