Ecological Security Evaluation Of Arid And Semi-arid Grassland Mining Areas In Eastern Inner Mongolia

The arid and semi-arid grassland mining area in eastern Inner Mongolia is not only an important base of animal husbandry,but also an important supply base of coal resources,at the same time,it assumes the dual roles of "energy security" and "ecological security".However,the exploitation of coal resources and the development of related industries such as electricity and coal chemical industrity will inevitably destory the grassland ecology and threaten the local ecological security.Frome the micro-meso-macro perspective,the paper firstly selectig Baorixile coal mining,the large scale open-pit coal mining area,as the small scale research object.Secondly,selecting Hulunbuir City,a typical grassland mining city,as the mesoscale research object.Finally,selecting the hole arid and semi-arid grassland mining area in eastern Inner Mongolia,including fives cities of Hinggan League,Xilin Gol League,Chifeng City,Tongliao City and Hulunbuir City,as the large scale research object.Evaluating ecological security of different scales of research objects by using the methods of normal cloud model,ecological footprint etc.The main conclusions as following:(1)The membership degree of ecological security of Baorixile coal mining area is calculated from three aspects of pressure,state and response,and the safety grade is evaluated based on normal cloud model:(1)Target layer,the comprehensive membership in five grades of safe,good,sensitive,dangerous and severe are 0.1148,0.1212,0.2735,0.2248 and 0.1134,respectively.According to the principle of maximum membership,Baorixile coal mining area is being in the sensitive grade now,and there is a tendency to deteriorate in dangerous grade,its ecological security situation is quite serious.(2)Criterion layer,the maximum membership degree of pressure and state layer are 0.2735,0.3902,which are both in sensitive level.The response layer is in severe grade,which maximum membership degree is 0.3504,accounting for 37.07 % in total membership degree.It is the main factor limiting the ecological security of Baorixile coal mining area.(3)Response index layer,the maximum membership degree of wastewater utilization rate,solid waste utilization rate,scientific research investment and environmental protection investment are 0.1256,0.1279,0.1683 and 0.3253 respectively.All of them belong to the sensitive or dangerous grade,which constitute the main short-board factors in response of ecological security in Baorixile coal mining areas.(2)The ecological security status of Hulunbuir City from 2006 to 2016 is evaluated from three aspects: ecological deficit/surplus,safety grade and energy driving force analysis by using the ecological footprint method:(1)In 2016 year,per capita area of ecological footprint,ecological capacity and ecological deficit of Hulunbuir City were 11.0397 ha,8.8468 ha and 2.1929 ha.Its ecological pressure index was 0.69,belongs to less safe state.(2)The ecological security situation of Hulunbuir City deteriorated from 2006 to 2016,the ecological surplus of 1.0996 ha/cap in 2006 reduced to ecological deficit of 2.1919 ha/cap in 2016,and the ecological security state changed from slightly unsafe to less safe grade.(3)The grey correlation results between ecological footprint and eco-productive land in Hulunbuir City in 2006-2016,the result shows that there are strongest correlation between fossil energy land and ecological footprint,the correlation value is 0.7197.Based on STIRPAT model,the driving force of fossil energy footprint is analyzed from three aspects of ecomomy,society and technology.The result shows that economic development has a strong strong positive driving effect on the energy footprint,social progress has a weak positive driving effect,and technological process has bidirectional driving effect.(3)Ecological security status of five cities in arid and semi-arid grassland mining areas are analyzed by ecological deficit/surplus accounting in 2008,2012 and 2016 year:(1)In general,the ecological footprint shows an upward trend,the increasing rate are: Chifeng City(6.0627ha/cap)> Xilin Gol League(4.5561ha/cap)> Hulunbuir City(4.1396ha/cap)> Tongliao City(3.9907ha/cap)> Xingan League(3.3197ha/cap).(2)Ecological capacity shows an upword trend,Hulunbuir City(1.9822ha/cap)> Xingan League(0.531ha/cap)> Tongliao City(0.3593ha/cap)> Chifeng City(0.2835ha/cap)> Xilin Gol League(0.2395ha/cap).(3)At present,five cities are all in the ecological deficit,Tongliao City(9.7027ha/cap)>Xilin Gol League(8.2767 ha/ cap)> Chifeng City(7.6447ha/cap)> Hulunbuir City(2.1929ha/cap)> Xingan League(1.8842 ha / cap).Hulunbuir City is in the less safe state,Xingan League,Tongliao City,Chifeng City,Xilin Gol League are all in the very unsafe state.