| Species can acquire new types of resources when passing through heterogeneous landscapes,but also encounter some resistance,which reduces interspecies diffusion,limits species distribution and establishes new populations,and leads to population decline and interspecies isolation.By analyzing the correlation between landscape heterogeneity and species movement,we can understand the various responses of species to changing landscape patterns,as well as how landscape patterns affect species survival.Consequently,in this study,by using Arc GIS 10.3 and FRAGSTATS,the Daily path length(DPL),activity range and landscape pattern indexes in different seasons were calculated and the Cost distance model in varied season were constructed.And the relationship between seasonal changes of landscape heterogeneity and the DPL of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)was analyzed to understand the impact of landscape pattern on the movement of R.bieti.In addition,the survival of species in fragmented landscape is affected by synergies among various factors,such as disease,human interference,etc.Therefore,used the Max Ent model to evaluate the suitability of R.bieti's habitat,constructs the species distribution models based on whether to consider human interference,analyzed the key factors affecting the distribution of R.bieti,and discussed the impact of artificial interference on R.bieti's habitat.The main conclusions are as follows:i)Both the availability of suitable travel routes and habitat fragmentation,driven by highintensity human disturbance,constrained the movement of R.bieti.We found that undisturbed areas of the bands' range contained a high density of lichens,which represent a nutritious and abundant and yearround food source for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys.ii)The Max Ent models showed that human interference(roads and residential areas)limited the area suitable habitat(reduced by about 5%).And the suitable habitat became more diffuse in the altitude distribution.Added the activities of the local human communities into environmental models,provided additional explanatory power and improves the model's performance.iii)The effect of the human interference was greater than the environmental factor on the suitable habitat of R.bieti(56% vs 44%,T-test: P<0.1),indicated that the habitat selection and distribution of R.bieti were highly susceptible to human activities.The largest contribution to the model was the distancehabitat evaluation between habitat and road(about 44.8%,P<0.05),indicated that roads were the most important factor affecting the distribution of suitable habitat,due to human activities can easily reach the suitable habitat threated the survival and development of R.bieti.In addition,suitable habitats were also affected by vegetation distribution,which proved that the distribution of resources in the environment had a profound impact on the diffusion and distribution of species and habitat selection.iv)The sensitivity analysis of human interference showed that with the increase of distance the habitat's suitability increased within a certain range,indicated that human interference would reduce the habitat quality.Our results were consistent with previous studies: R.bieti were concentrated in forests with large lichens along the Lancang and Lapu rivers,with the altitude of 2700-3900 m.Our study analyzed the relationship between environment and species movement from the perspective of landscape ecology and the main factors affecting the distribution of species,and explored the effect of human interference on the survival of R.bieti.They provided scientific and effective advice for the conservation of R.bieti and other endangered species. |
PDF Full Text Request