Aquatic Life Criteria Derivation And Ecological Risk Assessment For Galaxolide(HHCB) And Triclocarban(TCC)

The fragrance galaxolide?HHCB?and antimicrobial triclocarban?TCC?are widely used in cosmetics,detergents and other pharmaceuticals and personal care products?PPCPs?.Owing to their frequent detections in aquatic environment and potential harms to aquatic organisms,there is an urgency deriving the aquatic life criteria?ALC?for HHCB and TCC.In this study,8 Chinese resident aquatic organisms from 3 phyla and 8 families were used for the toxicity tests,and four methods were used for deriving the ALC.For HHCB,a criterion maximum concentration?CMC?of8.33?g/L and a criterion continuous concentration?CCC?of 2.20?g/L were derived according to the USEPA guidelines.The acute predicted no effect concentrations?PNECs?derived by log-normal species sensitivity distribution?SSD?,log-logistic SSD method and Burr Type?SSD methods were 77.41,66.47 and 61.36?g/L,respectively.For TCC,a CMC of 1.46?g/L and a CCC of 0.21?g/L were derived according to the USEPA guidelines.The acute PNECs derived with log-normal,log-logistic and Burr Type?SSD mothods were 2.64,1.88 and 3.09?g/L,respectively.The comparisons of ALCs derived with resident and non-resident species revealed that the ALC of HHCB and TCC derived with Chinese resident species could provide a sufficient protection for non-resident species.Furthermore,comparison of chronic SSDs between nitro musk and polycyclic musk showed that nitro musk were more toxic to aquatic organisms.The SSD comparison between two types of polycyclic musk showed HHCB had higher biotoxicity than AHTN.The higher toxicity to freshwater organisms of TCC was found compared with other antimicrobials in aquatic environment.Finally,for worldwide surface waters and effluents of wastewater treatment plants?WWTPs?,the ecologic risks assessment of HHCB showed that low risks were found in surface waters.However,4.08%and 46.17%of the effluent of WWTPs in China and 1.71%and 16.13%of the effluent of foreign WWTPs may have ecological risks for 5%?HC₅?and 1%?HC₁?aquatic species,respectively.The ecological risk assessment showed that the TCC in Yellow River basin and Pearl River basin had higher risk with the mean potential affected fractions?PAFs?of 9.27%and7.09%,and 22.1%and 15.0%waters may pose potential risk for 5%aquatic organisms.In general,the risk of TCC in Asia waters was higher than Europe and America.The strong positive linear correlation was observed between concentration of TCC and TCS in aquatic environment with a correlation coefficient?R²?of 0.8104,it is of great significance in environmental monitoring and risk prediction for TCC and TCS.