| Foraging activities are an important part of animal life activities.Foraging activities of mammals herbivorous such as the voles are generally chemically defended and/or mechanically defended by available plants.How do the voles of the genus,which have limited function of forelimbs and do not use tools to learn,to learn,judge,and obtain food?Can the playmates and prior experience improve their ability to acquire food and increase their fitness in the future living environment?Are there differences in the skills of female and male voles with typical sexual dimorphisms to familiarize themselves with and master the feeding of Digitaria sanguinalisl Because emotion affects cognition,it affects behavior.Are the Mfcro/us ybrris in different emotional states constantly changing?What is the evolutionary direction of its diet choice?Under the experimental conditions,a single homogeneous food plaque was constructed,and the foraging behavior process,sequence and parameters of the experimental individuals in the food plaque foraging were selected,as well as various vigilance behaviors during the foraging activities.Duration and parameters;test the effects of prior experience and playmate on the behavior parameters and intake rate of the experimental individuals.To construct spatial heterogeneous food plaques,and establish a neutral(pleasure,relaxed)and positive(excited,excited)two kinds of reed voles experimental groups with different emotional levels before the behavioral measurement,and determine the experiment under different starvation conditions.The process,sequence and parameters of the foraging behavior of the individual on the food plaque;the selection index,food energy intake rate and various vigilance behaviors of the experimental individuals in the foraging activities under different treatment conditions Time and parameters;test the possible evolutionary direction of the diet of the oriental voles.Our results showed that,?the time spent preparing the experimental individuals on the foraging decision was significantly smaller than that of the unprepared experimental individuals,and the ratio of the foraging decision time,the screening time and the foraging time of the male and the male individuals gradually decreased with the number of learning days,with the increase of learning days,the foraging selection index to the leaf base and the leaf center of the preparing female and the male increased to 80%and then did not increase;in turn increase the intake rate.The detection of the behavioral parameters of the vigilance behavior of the reed voles showed that the proportion of general scanning action(Sc)time allocated only in the biting bout decreased with the increase in the number of days of foraging learning.The results fully demonstrate that the reed voles with the prior exposure can search,judge and locate the leaf parts of the eaten plants when learning to eat the leaves of the D..It is easy to obtain the whole leaves and increase the intake rate.?Analysis of the foraging behavior and each vigilance behavior parameters of the two groups of experimental individuals and found that the decision time of the individuals with playmates foraging was significantly lower than that of the non playmates individual,and with the increase of study days,the foraging decision time and screening time of the female and the male with playmates gradually decrease,the foraging selection index to the leaf base and the leaf center of the female and the male with playmates increased to 80%of with the increase of the learning days and then did not increase;the proportion of sniffing action(Sn)time allocated only in the biting bout during the foraging activity was significantly different from the increase in the number of days of foraging learning.The results fully demonstrate that the individuals without playmates can not judge and accurately determine the feeding site when they are eating the leaves of the D.,and thus affect their foraging suitability.In comparison,individuals with playmates can search,judge,and locate the leaf parts of the plants they eat when they learn to eat the leaves of the D.,it is easy to obtain the whole leaves,so they can master the feeding skills from learning,in turn increase the intake rate.(3)In the state of neutral emotion,both females and males adopt a foraging strategy that feeds on the best food.What is different is that positive(excited,excited)emotions significantly reduced the selectivity of the reed voles to high-quality plant white clover,and all the plant items in the plaque were bitten.The foraging behaviors of the two groups of experimental individuals and the dynamic of the behavioral parameters of each vigilance behavior were analyzed,compared with the neutral emotional individuals,the individuals in the positive emotional state can significantly shorten the foraging decision time and the effective foraging time,in the foraging activities of positive emotional individuals,the proportion of general scanning action(Sc)allocated only in the biting bout is significantly lower than that of the neutral emotional individuals,thereby increasing their energy intake rate.The results fully demonstrate that individuals in a neutral(happy,relaxed)emotional state can search for the optimal food item,and the diet choice develops toward the special direction,ie,the oligophagous direction,and compared to the male,the female in the neutral state of emotion is more cautious about biting choice for food items.Moreover,the positive(excited,excited)emotional state of the individual due to hunger causes it to reduce the feeding requirements for high-quality food in the foraging activities,so the selectivity of food declines,causing its diet choice to develop to the generalization direction passively.These researches verified our hypothesis that ?In the use of food plaques,the prior experience activities can improve the intake rate of the experimental individuals by increasing the base of the D.;Locations may reduce male intake due to gender differences.?The reed voles who have the playmates can learn to choose the parts of the D.,and then increase the intake rate;the different characteristics of the female and male individuals in the rearing and defending territory due to the characteristics of the reed voles,female It is easier for male subjects to learn to choose the part where the D.are eaten.? In the use of concentrated heterogeneity food peaches,when the environmental risk is low,the food can find the optimal diet choice,and the diet develops toward the oligophagous;on the contrary,when the food is insufficient and in starvation,the animal to meet the energy needs,the food will be selected without any criticality,and the diet choice will develop in the direction of generalization. |
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