| The overuse and abuse of antimicrobial agents in animals farming,has been well recognized as one leading cause of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)development,which not only undermines efficacy of antibiotics but also threatens the public health owing to the spread of resistant genes and microbes.Furthermore,as the antibiotics for specific pathogen infection treatment are often broad-spectrum,it would disturb the normal gut microbiota homeostasis of the host,hence enhancing risk of pathogen infections and other chronic diseases.Accordingly,effective approach reducing antibiotic intake and addressing AMR in food animals agriculture is urgently needed for food safety and public health.There are several ways to reduce antimicrobial resistance,such as probiotics and prebiotics,phage therapy and vaccinum,however fecal microbiota transplantation is a novel way to reduce antimicrobial resistance from the original source.Over the last decade,there was a growing body of published paper that uncover the effect of the microbiota on host health and disease.Modulating of gut microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),which involves in the introduction of fecal microbiota from healthy donor into the gut of the recipient patient,has been an effective way in treating a wide series of disorders,especially antibiotic-associated recurrent Clostridium difficile infection(rCDI).In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in animal FMT.Nonetheless,the vast majority of the published studies in this field of animal FMT have only focused on the mammals,which may not be suitable for poultry,such as chicken,due to the unique physiological structure and function of poultry.Although,a small number of studies have explored chicken fecal microbiota transplantation,most of them focus on the impact of fecal microbiota transplantation by oral administration manner on the chicken production performance,and the results are inconsistent.To the best of our knowledge,almost no study has determined the impact of FMT by spraying manner on the development of cecal microbiota and resistome of chick.In modern commercial production system,due to being raised separately from an adult hen,a new-born chick does not acquire a healthy maternal microbiota.Thus,it is easy for the environmental microbes to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of new-born chicks for empty ecological niche with limited restriction,which make it possible to perform FMT to chick.In this study,we found the relatively high level of antimicrobial resistance of animal-derived Escherichia coli in Shandong province by comparing with the data of Escherichia coli resistance provided by the EUCAST.Therefore,it is very important to find effective ways to reduce antibiotic resistance.The success of FMT in human medicine suggests that we may be able to perform chicken FMT to reduce the level of antimicrobial resistance.The selection of safe and effective FMT donors that can be used to reduce antimicrobial resistance is a necessary prerequisite for chicken FMT.SPF(Specific pathogen free)chickens do not carry specific pathogens,do not use antibiotics in breeding,and may be the ideal donors for FMT.High throughput sequencing of 16s rRNA gene and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(AST)were used to compare and analyze the fecal microbiota of SPF chickens and commercial chickens as well as the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from chicken feces.There were no opportunistic pathogens in the feces of SPF chickens,and the level of resistance of Escherichia coli in chicken feces was significantly lower than that of commercial laying hens.Then we selected two kinds of adult laying hens as FMT donors.Two kinds of laying hens'cecal contents were used to make microbiota inocula,which was transplanted to one-day-old chicks by spraying manner.Then the development of cecal microbiota in recipient chicks was detected by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing.As antibiotic resistance,the MIC of Escherichia.coli and En.terococcus.spp in the feces of the recipient chicks during feeding process were determined by agar dilution or broth dilution method and high-throughput Q-PCR was used to identify and detect the antibiotics resistance genes in cecal content.The results showed that FMT could not only affect the composition of cecal microbiota of recipient chicks,but also accelerate the development of cecum microbiota as well as make the cecum microbiota of recipient chickens similar to that of corresponding donor chickens.It enriched the cecal microbiota of the recipient chicks and increased the amount of Bacteroides.Phenotypic analysis of antimicrobial resistance showed that FMT could transfer the level of resistance from donor to recipient,and the low resistance of SPF chicken FMT caused the corresponding recipient chickens to carry low resistance cecal microbes.Antimicrobial resistance genes measurement showed that FMT with different donor made the recipient chicken have different kinds of antimicrobial resistance gene composition,but the relative abundance of cecal resistance gene of recipient chicken was higher than that of donor chicken.The cause of this phenomenon needs to be further explored.Our findings showed that initial exposure to different microbiota may lead to different development patterns of recipient chicken cecum microbiota and antimicrobial resistance genes in chickens.And intestinal bacterial resistance can also be transferred with FMT.It is possible to manipulate the intestinal microbiota of chicken by transplanting designed or selected chicken fecal microbiota,so as to influence chicken production or disease resistance.In addition,SPF chicken FMT reduced the level of resistance of fecal bacteria in the recipient chickens,therefore we can reduce bacterial resistance by transplanting antibiotic-sensitive bacteria to the chickens.However,there are still many issues in chicken FMT,such as donor screening criteria,preparation and optimal implementation process of FMT standards,evaluation of the clinical effect of FMT,and so on,which need to be further studied and explored. |
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