| The vocalization of bird is an important signal for birds to realize interspecific and intraspecific information transmission and individual identification,and plays a vital role in their life activities.Nowadays,scholars in various countries have studied the sound of birds more widely,and explore the mechanism of their occurrence and evolution from the structure of bird sound,the function of bird sound,the vocal organ,the structure of the singing muscle,the learning and behavior of the song.Chestnut Bulbul,Hemixos castanonotus,as a typical songbird,is particularly important in its intraspecific communication,which profoundly affects its foraging,liaison,domain occupying area,courtship and reproduction.Chestnut Bulbul are Chinese endemic birds,but domestic researchers have seldom studied them.Now they are mainly concentrated in morphology and taxonomy.In order to solve the sound characteristics and adaptation strategies of Chestnut Bulbul,we recorded and observed the singing behavior of them in the national Forest Park of Zhejiang from September 2016 to September 2017,mainly in the subtropical monsoon climate.By observing the appearance of the Chestnut Bulbul,the song was recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 recording stick,and the Adobe Audition3.0 sound analysis software was used.The main peak frequency,fundamental frequency,frequency maximum,frequency minimum,the syllable length,the number of element and other parameters are analyzed,and the frequency width is calculated.The data are all sorted with Excel2007,and the singing data is analyzed with SPSS 23.0.The 41 kinds of songs of chestnut backed short legs include 21 kinds of overwintering songs,10 early breeding songs,41 breeding periods and 24 late breeding stages.The 24 common types of songs of chestnut Bulbul to contact calls,alert,field for a district.The sounding stage usually contains 4~6 phonemes,with 5 phonemes at the most,and the non reproductive stage is usually dominated by 1~5 phonemes and 3 phoneme syllables.Different types of sentence patterns are significant(P < 0.01)or significant difference(P<0.05)in the parameters of phoneme composition,phoneme number,syllable structure,syllable length,frequency,frequency bandwidth,main peak frequency,fundamental frequency and other parameters.At the same time,there is a significant correlation between many parameters(P<0.01)or significant(P<0.05)correlation,which co regulates the consumption of energy and reduces the waste of energy.The results show that the safety song and field singing of the Chestnut Bulbul mostly contain 1~4 element,which are mainly 3 element.The average length of the syllable is 0.09±0.01 s,the main peak frequency is 3500.14±504.32 Hz,the fundamental frequency is 1980.65±308.17 Hz,the frequency range of the main peak is 1980.65±308.17 to 3826.55±206.72 Hz,the average length of the field singing is 0.12±0.02 s,the main peak frequency is 3655.24±264.01 Hz,and the fundamental frequency is 1879.73±226.54 Hz,The main peak frequency range is 1879.73±226.54 to 3779.33±258.19 Hz,with less harmonic,and the bandwidth is basically the same as the main peak bandwidthThe warning sound is composed of the same single syllable,and the number of pulses is recorded to1~44different times,the length of syllable is 0.05±0.01 s,the longest syllable is 0.94±0.03 s,the main peak frequency is 4126.41±336.46 Hz,the fundamental frequency is 1162±158.54 Hz,the frequency range of the main peak is 1162±158.54 Hz to 5167.50±216.07 Hz,because there are more upper partial,the main peak has dense harmonic and the width of the frequency is 15068.71±415.31 Hz.In addition to the common syllables,the courtship singing syllables also have 17 specific syllables,usually containing 3~5 elements,of which 5 are the main ones,and there are 8 syllables with a large number of upper partial.The harmonics of the main peak are obvious,and the other two kinds contain a small amount of harmonics.The average length of the courtship singing syllable is 0.13±0.03 s,the main peak frequency is 4726.63±204.55 Hz,the fundamental frequency is 1725.75±169.17 Hz,the frequency range of the main peak is 1980.65±308.17 Hz ~ 4726.98±106.25 Hz.For multi element syllable,the parameters of fundamental frequency,main peak frequency and bandwidth of adjacent element are extremely significantly different(P < 0.01),showing a significant negative correlation.The frequency of the adjacent element in the same syllable presents "low-high-low" or "high-low-high".The higher the fundamental frequency,the smaller the frequency,the decrease of the fundamental frequency,the increase of the frequency,and the corresponding increase or decrease in the main peak frequency.It is possible to slow down the fatigue and damage of the musculi muscles and change the structure of syllables,the number of element,and the frequency of the syllable by changing the long and continuous song.In order to improve the efficiency of sound transmission in a more energy saving way,the sound transmission efficiency is increased by the high and low,the frequency width and the length of the time.The male's field and its own physiological status are displayed by the complexity of the song to increase its attraction to the female and ensure the success rate of its reproductive activity.This paper makes a research on the Chestnut Bulbul song is still in the basic stage,the basic data only as a Chestnut Bulbul song study.This paper fails to make a detailed classification of its songs.The practical significance and function of the specific sentence patterns need further research.Its physiological and ecological problems still need further in-depth study from multiple dimensions. |
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