Study Of Different Tillage Measures And Fertilizer Application On Soil Quality In System Of Double Cropping

Improving the efficiency of material recycling and the production of soil are the key points of the sound development of agriculture.A long-term trial was conducted in Qianli Village,Huojia County,Henan Province,China.eight treatments were processed in the trial,and they were deep tillage with fertilizer,deep tillage with pig manure returning,deep tillage with maize straw and pig manure returning,deep tillage with maize straw returning,shallow tillage with fertilizer,shallow tillage with pig manure returning,shallow tillage with maize straw and pig manure returning,shallow tillage with maize straw returning.The dynamic change of physical,nutrient and microbial indexes were measured in before sowing,jointing of winter wheat;anthesis of winter wheat,maturity of winter wheat and maturity of maize.The soil quality were evaluated on system of double cropping under different tillage measures and fertilizer application.The main research results were as follows:1.The content of organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available phosphorus and available potassium were increased significantly under maize straw and pig manure returning.Shallow tillage could significantly increase the total nitrogen content of topsoil,deep tillage has a greater impact on total nitrogen content in 20-60 cm soil layer.The content of total phosphorus and available potassium in shallow tillage was higher than deep tillage measures.Deep tillage has a greater effect on the soil available phosphorus content in maturity of wheat,however,the content of available phosphorus in maturity of maize were higher under shallow tillage.2.Soil invertase activity reachde the maximum during the anthesis of wheat,while the soil urease reached its highest value at maturity of the wheat.Straw and pig manure returning significantly increased soil urease and invertase activities under the shallow tillage treatment.Compared with fertilizer treatment,the straw and pig manure returning combined with chemical fertilizer application was conducive to increasing the content of soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen.3.With the development of the growing period,the population of wheat group reached the maximum at the jointing stage of wheat,the population of wheat group at the flowering stage decreased rapidly,and it was stable at flowering and maturity stages of wheat.Pig manure and straw returning to the field were goodat increasing the population of wheat group under the shallow tillage measures.Dry matter accumulation of wheat plants increased significantly with the growth period,straw and pig manure returning combined with chemical fertilizer application was conducive to dry matter accumulation in wheat.Straw and pig manure returning combined with chemical fertilizer application was more beneficial to the increase wheat yield than fertilizer application,and promoted the spikes and 1000-grain weight of wheat,thus increased the yield of wheat.The number of spikelets only under fertilizer application was significantly greater than that of other treatments,and the number of spikelets was significantly less than that of other treatments,resulting in the decreased yield.Shallow tillage measures had a positive effect on ear length,ear width,row per ear,kernels per row,kernels per ear,weight per ear,100-grain weight and yield.Straw and pig manure returning could increase kernels per ear,weight per ear and the yield of maize.while the ear length,ear width,row per ear and kernels per row under fertilizer treatment were more,but weight per ear,100-grain weight smaller results in lower yield of maize.4.Based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis,elven soil quality indices were selected as the total data set(TDS)indices,and five soil quality indices(soil moisture content,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,microbial biomass nitrogen,invertase)were chosen as the minimum data set(MDS)for soil quality evaluation.The average value of SQI using TDS and MDS method were 0.453 and0.455,respectively.SQI using the MDS method showed highly correlation with corn yield,which indicated that the five soil indices in MDS was suitable for soil quality assessment.In short,Straw and pig manure returning combined with chemical fertilizer application improving soil nutrient status under the shallow tillage measures,increasing soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity,and ultimately improving the yield of wheat and maize.Long-term straw with pig manure returning helps to maintain soil productivity yield and soil quality.SQI using the MDS method showed highly correlation with corn yield,which indicated that the five soil indices in MDS was suitable for soil quality assessment.