| The shell midden site generally refers to an archaeological site where there is a certain amount of shell accumulation due to human activities.They are widely distributed in coastal areas of Fujian.Pingfengshan Site is a shell midden site which was excavated by the Fujian Museum and the Xiapu County Museum in 2016.It is the second shell midden site officially excavated after the Huangguashan site in the Eastern of Fujian.Pingfengshan site dates from the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age.Lots of remains,such as pottery,stone tools,animal remains,and other remains are unearthed.These remains provide direct or indirect evidences for examining the cultural nature,livelihood patterns,human lifestyle,domestication behavior of livestock in the eastern region of Fujian.They also provide new information for the study of prehistoric culture in the southeastern coastal areas.In this paper,the research mainly focused on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen on 4 pig bones unearthed from Pingfengshan site.In contrast,we also tested and analyzed the C and N stable isotope values of modern marine and living plant specimens collected near the Pingfengshan site,which include Oyster(Lepidosaphes sp.),Batillariidae(Batillaria zonalis),Carb(Portunus sp.),Formud Skipper(Periophthalmidae sp.),and Seaweed(Enteromorpha sp.).Considering that 4 pigs belonged to different parts of the genus,we analyzed C and N stable isotope of bone samples from different parts of a modern pig,in order to examine the representation of the ratio of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in various parts of the body,Based on the above works,we also selected published stable isotope data on domestic pigs and wildlife and compared with pig bones data from Pingfengshan site so that analyzing the properties of 4 pigs and reveal the local livestock feeding methods and degree.Explore the local livelihoods of prehistoric humans.The values of ?13C and ?15N of 4 samples vary in-20.6‰?-12.2‰,and 4.9‰?10‰.They can be divided into 3 groups.In the first case PFS01,?13C =-12.2‰ and?15N ? 4.9‰,whose diets mainly composed of terrestrial C4 foods.The second group included 2 cases with PFS02(?13C =-14.6 ‰,?15N=8.3‰)and PFS03(?13C =-15.7‰,?15N = 10‰).These two samples showed omnivorous diet characteristics.Higher nutritional levels indicated that they had more marine resources.However,this does not exclude the inclusion of C4 and a small amount of C3 plants in the diet structure.The third group contained one case(PFS04).?13C =-20.6‰,?15N = 5.4‰,indicating that the pig was more likely to eat C3 plants before its lifetime.And the middle trophic level indicated that its meat proteins might come from terrestrial small herbivores.By comparing the values of bone isotopes datas in other sites,it was found that there was a significant difference between the Pingfengshan site's bones and the wild animals,while the values were similar to those of domestic animals.This suggests that the foods of these pigs maybe provided by humans.And they are domesticated by humans in varying degrees.Finally,this paper comprehensively analyzes the above data through the resource domain theory method,and combines the paleoenvironment,ecological vegetation and unearthed artifacts in the area where Pingfengshan site is located,and proposes that the livelihood morphology of this area may be a preliminary understanding of fishing,hunting,farming,and collecting coexistence. |
PDF Full Text Request