Research On The Relationship Between Drought And Drought In Guanzhong Area During The Ming And Qing Dynasties

There are many kinds of disasters and famines in Guan Zhong (??)in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The disasters and famine continued a long time and spread wide range.In all disasters,drought is the largest number and the deepest level that created famines. While the drought and famine are not linear relationship,social factors play an important part in it.What are the social factors in specific periods and areas? How is the degree and how to play a role?These are the main points in this poper. Selecting drought and famine of more than 30 counties in Guan Zhong in this period as the main parts,the paper use local histories and officers'corpus,then take qualitative and quantitative methods,the Whole-part and focuse on regional cases.The paper is attempting to explore how to form a relationship between the drought and famine and how is it spread in Guan Zhong in Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the introduction, there are some related definitions and spatial and temporal scales in the study.Then review and sort out the academic history about the drought and famine relations in Guan Zhong in Ming and Qing.Then put forward the effect of drought and famine on the study about the disaster history. In the last,present the main thinking of the discussion questions and related literatures.Chapter one,the paper gives an introductions about famines environment on the whole in Guanzhong in this long period.Giving up the traditional research paths that analyzes the natural and social factors briefly,this part starts from the particularities about the famines and environment.Firstly,sort out the Famines Chronological Table,then give a presentation on Water conservation,Warehousing and Hungry life which are closely with the famines.These lay the social environment foundations on the case studies in chapter four to seven.Chapter two,arrange all famines in Guan Zhong in Ming and Qing and sort out them according the natural disasters.Compare the proportion on disaster factors and the drought is the highest percentage.The results only explain the droughts cause famine easierly.Then,count the frequencise about the droughts and famine in several periods in Ming and Qing.Statistics show that the droughts closely relate with famines in Guan Zhong in this period. Additionally,the Plague of Locusts and Frost freeze are the two disasters that closely connect with the drought.There are malpractices in quantitative statistics inevitablely.So in Chapter three,the paper carry out a detailed study about Drought and Famine relations in disaster area.Compare the Agricultural Zoning between normal and extremes in Drought and Famine environment.In Guan Zhong, Xi'an(???) and Tongzhou (???) are not only relatively developed agriculture areas,but also Drought and Famine prone areas.This conclusion lay the foundation of selecting case areas.Chapter four to seven,select two cases in Ming and Qing respectively.In chapter four,the Warehousing in Xi'an is weaking in Cheng Hua (??)and Hong Zhi (??) which viewed as the Ming turning point.Food stocks is insufficient and management shortcomings in Warehousing are gradually revealing.After the great famine in Cheng Hua,there are not very serious famine in Hong Zhi,but the small drought may lead to Great famine.This analysis presents another round about the short-lived prosperity in Cheng Hua and Hong Zhi.In chapter five,discuss the influences of the flow thieves in northeast of Guan Zhong in Chong Zhen (??).In northeast of Guan Zhong, closely with the war zone of Northern Shaanxi,Tong Zhou and Yao Zhou (??)suffer a lot turmoil from flow thieves.The high vulnerabilities on agricultural production cause the famine on the verge when drought breaks out which continues before Chong Zhen.The disasters in surface while actually Man-made disasters.Two cases in Qing Dynasty are Xi'an in Mid-term of Kang Xi (??) and Tong Zhou in Tong Zhi (??) and Guang Xu (??).In chapter six,for the analysis of Xi'an in Mid-term of Kang Xi, contact drought and famine with the ineffective relief in central and local.Famine Relief in Early Qing Dynasty is in the exploratory stage and the malpractices of it eventually lead to large area famine in Xi'an.Chapter seven,in Tong Zhi and Guang Xu,continuous social unrest in Tong Zhou especially The Hui Nationality Uprising in Tong Zhi form a war and famine intertwined scenes ?The last part is the conclusion.By detailed quantitative statistics,the paper reaches the conclusion that in Guan Zhong,drought is only the dominant position type in natural disasters which result in famine in Ming and Qing. In fact, four specific areas analysis display that drought is only a surface factors leading to social famine,while the complex social factors bring about Great Famine truly and there are different features in different periods and areas.