The Genetic Differentiation Of The Population Of Paradoxornis Heudei Was Explored Based On The Variation Of Nuclear Gene Intron Sequences

The reed parrotbill(Paradoxornis heudei)is an endemic bird in East Asia,mainly distributed in the Northeast and Middle East of China,northeast Inner Mongolia and Siberia.This species is restricted to reedbed habitats,and is suspected to be declining moderately rapidly throughout its range as a result of the loss and degradation of reedbeds,and was listed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).In this study,total of 306 individuals which from 13 geographic populations were collected,and the genetic diversity and geographic structure were investigated by using 8 of nuclear introns.The results are as follows:1.The sequence length of eight of nuclear loci were 628bp for 15743,859bp for ACLY-16,341bp for GADPH,735bp for ODC,1122bp for RPL30-3,592bp for TGF?2,607bp for VLDLR-7 and 457bp for ?ACT-3 respectively,and combined sequence of 8 nuclear loci was 5341bp.The variable sites of the nuclear introns were 4 for 15743,3 for ACLY-16,7 for GADPH,6 for ODC,10 for RPL30-3,1 for TGF?2,2 for VLDLR-7,and 4 for PACT-3 respectively.Total of 37 variable sites were found for the combined sequence.Also,the haplotype of eight loci were defined,that were 6 for 15743,5 for ACLY-16,11 for GADPH,13 for ODC,16 for RPL30-3,2 for TGF?2,3 for VLDLR-7,7 for ?ACT-3 respectively.2.The variation and the genetic diversity of the eight loci were lower in the reed parrotbill.Analysis of molecular variance analyses did not detect significant genetic differentiation across the local populations and revealed that most of the genetic variance was found within the sampling populations for all nuclear loci.However,several values of pairwise differentiation among populations were significant in eight nuclear loci.3.Based on genetic distance among geographic populations,the phylogenetic tree show that the Dongyin population,Fengqiu population,and Hengshui population were divided earlier,which all located in the lower reaches of Yellow River.The differentiation of north population were later relatively,including Qiqihaer population,Panjin population and Fulitun population.Phylogenetic and individual-based Bayesian analysis showed weak geographical structure amongst nuclear sequences.4.Through the BEAST analysis,populations increase of the reed parrotbill was detected at about 325000 yr BP,and the effective population size were stable after 11000 yr BP.The results may suggest that there was no adverse impact on the reed parrotbills during the last glacial maximum,and the glacial refugium may not exist for the reed parrotbill as other terrestrial mammals.Population dynamics of the reed parrotbill was mainly affected by the transgression and regression of the sea during the last glacial period.