How Did University Faculties Get Promotion During ROC

In recent years,news related to the promotion of university faculties has aroused the concern of the society.Some vicious events related to the university teachers'promotion have made the discussion on the reform of the existing university teachers'title promotion system,and some researchers called for learning good experience from the period of the Republic of China.However,in the academic researches,whether it is historian or educational researches,they often focus on the design of university faculties' promotion system,which lacks of the actual operation of the institution.On the other hand,some researcher paid too much attention to the extraordinary samples of the university teachers "exceptional appointment" cases,and tried to take these examples as arguments to highlight the academic freedom in the period of Republic of China.Therefore,it is still necessary to carry out the study on the actual operation of the university teachers 'title promotion system on the basis of specific cases.Only then can we clarify the actual situation of the promotion of university teachers' title during the Republic of China,so as to take better experience from history.And the existing Nanjing University files,with the rich information about teachers' title promotion in that time,makes the research possible.The basic problem of this paper is the system of the university teachers'promotion in the period of the Republic of China and the actual operation of the system.In October 1940,the Ministry of Education of the National Government formally promulgated the Interim Rules on the Examination of Qualifications of Teachers of University and Independent Colleges and then put it into action.Interim Rules stipulated the the Ministry of Education has the power to judge the qualifications of university faculties.In August 1941,Nanjing University officially dealt with the matter of qualification-examine of teachers,until 1949,the National Government lost control of Nanjing,the examining process finally stopped.During the period from 1941 to 1949,the Ministry of Education had repeatedly adjusted its policies,as reaction,Nanjing University also made some changes.This paper focuses on the tension between the administrative power of the Ministry of Education and the autonomy of running a school of Nanjing University.By analyzing the specific cases,this paper argues that in the process of implementing the Ministry of Education's policy on the examination of university faculties,Nanjing University gradually abandoned its own specialties.However,when the low efficiency of the Ministry of Education actually harmed teachers' profits,Nanjing University would take its own power to protect its own facilities' benefits.In terms of the structure of the article,the introduction part briefly introduces the origin of the topic,the history of related researches,the source of the information and the significance of the study.The first chapter of the text reviewed the Regulations of,the Imperial College,formulated by the Reformers in 1898,to the Interim Rules on the Examination of Qualifications of Teachers of universities and Independent Colleges,promulgated by the Ministry of Education of the National Government in 1940,the series "Regulations" of national policy documents related to the level setting and promotion mechanism of university faculty.With the analysis of these documents,this paper argues that from the view of institution design,from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,the level of university faculty has undergone complicated changes:from the initial first-class system to the final fourth-class system.There was no clear promotion mechanism between teachers of different levels at the beginning,until the 1926 Guangzhou National Government launched the Temporary Regulations on University Teachers' Qualifications,and then it was possible,at the institutional level at least,for the low-level university faculty to advance to a higher level.However,in the 1930s,the universities were still going their own ways,and the ranks of teachers in different schools were still different.This was not the case until the Ministry of Education lunched the Interim Rules.The second chapter discusses the institutional norms and their changes about teachers' promotion in Nanjing University.Nanjing University,as a church university,advocated the spirit of service and dedication,and Nanjing University paid great attention to traditional Chinese culture.Therefore,in 1928,Nanjing University teacher development within the development of the provisions of the emphasis on the spirit of the service of teachers,while also actively adopted by the Daxueyuan re-enactment of the University Teachers Qualification Ordinance on the Sinology scholars special promotion channel Provisions.In 1940 after the introduction of Interim Rules by the Ministry of Education,the Nanjing University gradually abolished the previous internal provisions,and actively made the same policy with the Ministry of Education.The third chapter describes the actual process of the teacher's attendance from the perspective of Nanjing University's faculty and Nanjing University,which is devoted to the application of the promotion and other applications.In the process of applying for l or so,the teacher may encounter the influence of the administrative efficiency of the school and the education department,and cannot realize the promotion as soon as possible.At the same time,some teachers hope that the"provisional procedure" of 1940 will make the most favorable Application of the explanation.Faced with this situation,Nanjing University and other promotion committee as a teacher and the Ministry of Education between the middlemen,you need to accurately implement the Ministry of Education policy and maintain the balance between the interests of teachers in this school.The fourth chapter elaborates the factors that affected the teacher's degree in Nanjing University.First of all,it is the promotion condition stipulated in the Interim Rules,that is,the service years of the applicant and then,the publications.Among them,the service time is the most basic factors.The writings for the promotion review were not given enough attention in the early 1940s,and this situation was changed after the Ministry of Education repeatedly reaffirmed the importance of ascension.In addition to the institutional factors,whether the teacher himself in the administrative position,the teacher himself in the school can mobilize the academic relationships,will also have influence on the final result.In the conclusion part,the paper first reviews the policy objectives of the Ministry of Education in formulating the Interim Rules in 1940.Combining with the case of Nanjing University,this paper argues that the Ministry of Education hopes to give local scholars the opportunity to be promoted to senior ranks.In the process of teaching and learning in Nanjing University,there is an effective mechanism for resolving the contradiction.This mechanism is worth learning from.However,in the practice of teachers in Nanjing University and other practices,there are also ignored the teaching staff of the situation,also worthy of reflection.