Incarnation: Theology,Politics And Enlightenment

The “Jewish problem”,as a prominent manifestation of “Theological Political Problem”,has become a philosophical and practical problem that every Jewish philosopher cannot avoid,which also has constituted the background of the philosophy of the Jewish philosophers of different ages.People's traditional interpretation of Carl Marx often followed the path of Kant,Hegel and Feuerbach,while ignored the relationship between Marx and Spinoza,the Jew predecessor of Marx.From the history of philosophy,we can see the inheritance and development of Marxist philosophy to Spinoza philosophy.As a famous doctrine in Gospel of John,“Incarnation” describes that Jesus sacrificed his own body and distributed his flesh and blood,as the universal truth,to every Christian for their freedom and redemption.Philosophers,just like the Crucifixion of Jesus,give up their happiness of moral life,and devote themselves to change the speculative Logos which people cannot understand into the comprehensible universal truth through their own philosophical construction.Moreover,they also guide those people living in the secular world to comprehend the essence of truth so that they can obtain real freedom and happiness by disseminating their philosophic thinking.As two typical examples,Spinoza and Marx took on the same philosophical mission.Along the process of " Incarnation ",we can see the inheritance and transcendence of Marx philosophy to Spinoza philosophy.The real understanding of the status of god is the premise of “incarnation”.Spinoza broke the constrain of the traditional absolute “god ontology” by using his “god is a nature”(deus sive natura)theory;while Marx finished the task of “dispelling the self-alienation in the divine image” in modern philosophy by proposing his “god is a man” theory which discovered the power of man.As “Tao”,the power of Logos has developed to the peak in modern philosophy,especially in German classical philosophy.Marx on the one hand inherited this kind of rational power,on the other hand,he transcended the limitation of this “Logos centralism” in traditional philosophy and thus realized the philosophical revolution through dialectics.Meanwhile,in Spinoza philosophy,“enlightenment” was considered to be a way to help people to get rid of non-free state as well as a result that people achieved their free existence.Along the enlightenment theme of Spinoza philosophy and the enlightenment ideal in modern philosophy,the enlightenment myth in modern philosophy has formed.On the basis of the enlightenment philosophy,Marx remodeling the enlightenment ideal;meanwhile,he replaced the perfect state of “enlightenment” in Spinoza philosophy with “liberation” to be the ultimate ideal of Marx philosophy.Only in the state of liberation can people acquire real freedom and happiness.Therefore,from the perspective of political philosophy,Marx's philosophy achieved the inheritance and transcendence of Spinoza philosophy.