The Comparison Of Management System Of North-South Foreign Trade In The Qing Dynasty

In Qing Dynasty,the government affected by "restraining commerce"thought and "tribute trade" system,and the foreign trade was regarded as the tool to control foreign merchant.Its main purpose is not to serve the economy.At that time,kyakhta and Guangzhou was respectively large scale and representative trading port In the north and south.Under the influence of the domestic and international environmental background and the macro control of the Qing government,the trade management mode has a great difference.On the basis of combing the domestic and foreign trade environment of the early and mid Qing,this paper select the two north-south trading port as an example,and use the principle of institutional economics to compare.By analyzing and comparing the differences and similarities of foreign trade policy system formulated by the Qing government to the north and the south under the centralization of power,we explore the management system and the reasons for the formation of the different characteristics of the trade merchants in the two places.Influenced by the diplomatic concept of the Qing government,two management system reflected more the political role,and for the purpose of maintaining economic interests was relatively small.Based on the original intention of preventing foreign investors and stabilizing the regime,the Qing government had set up a special organization to manage foreign trade in both north and south,and the management of the government had become more and more institutionalized.The establishment of the corresponding tax system,provided an important source of revenue for the government.The independent management of the two merchants played a huge role in the formation of the management system,which not only restrained the malicious competition of the domestic merchants,but also maintained the market order,and promoted the smooth progress of foreign trade.But due to differences of location,environment,trade subject in kyakhta and Guangzhou,the institutions and senior officials which were set up by the Qing government to manage the two places differ greatly,showing the different emphasis.The management system of kyakhta and Guangzhou exist great differences in many aspects,such as program trading,trading places,the merchant main body,trading commodities and so on.About the management of merchant organization on trade,there were many differences of institutional constraints,such as price setting,disciplinary mechanisms and so on.