| Objective: Studies have shown that long-term exposure to low concentrations of chromium compounds can cause damage to the liver and kidney.In this paper,we explored the changes of hepatic and renal sensitivity index of chromium exposed population,so as to find out the early health damage.Methods:1 The chromium exposed workers in an electroplating factory were investigated as the exposure group,and the logistic staff in a same area as the control group.2 A unified questionnaire was used to collect the basic situation of the workers,including the basic situation,occupation history,disease history,life habits and so on.3 Anterior rhinoscope was used to routine department of ENT examination of the worhers,record the locations and sizes of erosions,ulcers,and perforations.4 Collect 15 min air sample at 5l/min flow rate,the concentration of chromium in the air of workplace was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry5 The morning fasting venous blood samples were collected,with the amount of 4ml,and the samples were used to detect the indexes of liver and kidney function by automatic biochemical analyzer.Hepatic function index includes total protein(TP),albumin(ALB),immunoglobulin(GLOB),white ball ratio(A/G)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and renal function index contains serum uric acid(BUA),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and serum creatinine(Scr).With 1ml pure nitric acid,9ml of morning urine was collected to determined urinary chromium concentration by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination.10 ml urina sanguinis was collected,and used to detect urinary creatinine(Ucr)and urinary 2-microspheres protein(U?2-MG)by automatic biochemical analyser.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to test the salivary chromium concentration from 1.5ml collected saliva.All samples must be collected prior to consent.6 All data was entried twice by Epidata 3.1,arranged and collated by office 2010,and statistics analyzed by SPSS 21.0 softwareResults:1 In this survey,183 subjects were surveyed,except the people who lack of information,there were 174 people included,88 cases were in chromium exposed group and 86 cases were in control group(male: 107 cases,female: 67 cases).The age ranged from 21 to 63 years,the duration of occupational exposure to chromate was between 1 month to 35 years.2 Detection rate of nasal mucosa erosion of <1 year group was higher than control group(P<0.05);Detection rate of nasal septum perforation of 5~ year group was higher than control group(P<0.05).3 The air chromium concentration ranged of 0.013~0.016mg/m3,the urine chromium concentrations in the exposed group and the control group were in the range of 0.97~36.87 ug/l and 0.27~3.86 ug/l respectively,and the exposure group was higher than control group(P<0.05).Urinary chromium level in the group of <1 year is higher than that in 1~ year group(P<0.05).The salivary chromium concentration in the exposure group and the control group were in the range of 0.51~169.85 ug/l and 7.00~32.37 ug/l,and the level in exposure group was higher than that in control group(P<0.05).Saliva chromium level in the group of <1 year is higher than that in 1~ year group(P<0.05).There was a positive correlation between the concentration of chromium in urine and saliva,the correlation coefficient was 0.38(P<0.01)in the exposed group,and the correlation coefficient of urine and salivary chromium in the control group was 0.23(P=0.04).4 The ALB and A/G levels in exposure group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The GLOB in exposure group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).But there was no statistically significant difference among TP,ALT,TBIL,DBIL and IBIL between the exposed group and the control group(P>0.05).The ALB level in Cr group of <1 years was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).The GLOB level in Cr group of <1 years,1~ years group and 5~yaers group were higher than that in control group(P<0.05).The A/G level in Cr group of <1 years,1~ and 5~ were lower than that in control group(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference of TP,ALT,TBIL,DBIL and IBIL was detected in the length of service(P>0.05).5 The urinary chromium concentration and ALT level in exposure group were negatively related(P<0.05).6 The ALB and A/G level in groups with Ucr level of <5 ug/l and 5~ ug/l were statistically significant lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).And the GLOB level was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ALB and A/G level in groups with salivary Cr level of <30 ug/l and >30 ug/l were statistically significant lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).And the GLOB level was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).7 After the adjustment of gender,age,smoking and drinking,the level of GLOB increased with the increased concentration of urinary chromium(P<0.05),A/G decreased with increased urinary chromium(P<0.05).Stratified according to different gender,urinary and salivary chromium concentration in male was correlated with GLOB(P<0.05).And urinary chromium level in male,A/G presented negative correlation(P<0.05),in female,salivary chromium concentration and the level of ALT presented positive correlation(P<0.05).According to the classified of the age,in <35 years old group,the urinary chromium and salivary chromium concentration were negative correlation in ALB(P<0.05),the urinary chromium and salivary chromium concentration and were positively correlated in GLOB(P<0.05),the urinary chromium and salivary chromium concentration and A/G were negative correlation(P<0.05).8 U?2-MG level in exposure group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).But no significant difference of UBA,BUN,Scr and Ucr was detected between the exposure group and the control group showed(P>0.05).U?2-MG levels in <1 years group and 5~ years group were higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).U?2-MG level in 5~ years was higher than that in the 1~ years group(P<0.05).9 A negative correlation between BUA and urinary chromium concentration was showed in exposure group(P<0.05).The correlation of urinary chromium concentration and BUN was statistically significant in control group(P<0.05).The correlation of saliva chromium concentration and BUN was statistical significance in control group(P<0.05).10 U?2-MG levels in groups with <5 ug/l and 5~ ug/l urinary Cr were higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).U?2-MG levels in groups with <30 ug/l and 30 ug/l salivary Cr were higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).11 Stratified according to different sex,female urinary chromium concentration was positively correlated with BUN(P<0.05).Stratified according to different age,urinary chromium and salivary chromium concentration and U?2-MG level was positively correlated in <35 group(P<0.05),urinary Cr and salivary Cr concentrations and Ucr were positively correlated in >35 years group(P<0.05).12 The abnormal rate of U?2-MG was the same as that of A/G in <1 years group,The abnormal rate of U?2-MG was higher than that of ALB,GLOB,A/G and the chrome ulceration of the nose in other groups.Conclusions:1 The level of salivary chromium in workers exposed to chromium was higher than that in the control group,and indicating that there was positively correlated with urinary chromium.2 Occupational exposure to chromium can induce some damage to the liver and kidney of workers,ALB,GLOB,A/G and U?2-MG changed when exposed to low concentrations of chromium for a short time,but the impact of gender and age of workers on the indicators should be paid attention.3 Abnormal rate of A/G and U?2-MG higher than that nasal lesion at early stage of Occupational exposure to chromium,suggest that A/G and U?2-MG may be used as early effective biomarkers in occupational exposure to chromium. |
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