| The dried mature pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.(Zanthoxyli Pericarpium)is a traditional Chinese medicine with the effects of relieving pain and activating blood flow,killing parasites,relieving itching,and commonly used for the treatment of abdominal cold pain,vomiting and diarrhea,ascariasis,etc.The seed of Z.bungeanum(Zanthoxyli Semen),called as JiaoMu,is also used as a folk medicine for treatment of swelling edema and asthma.The modern study found that Zanthoxyli Pericarpium contains a variety of chemical constituent types,and widely utilized in medicine,food,and a number of health care products.Based on the systematic review of the present research progress of Zanthoxylum medicinal plants,the mature fruits of Z.bungeanum cultivated in Gansu province were selected as the research object,and their potential resourful chemical composition were analyzed.Furthermore,their resourful values were evaluated with the guidence of the research ideas of resources chemicstry of Chinese medicinal materials.The aim of these works is to provide a scientific basis for improving utilization efficiency of Z.bungeanum resource.1.Analysis and evaluation of chemical constituents in the fruit of Z.bungeanumTo clarify the distribution and compositions of the potential resourful components in the fruits of Z.bungeanum,GC-MS,HPLC-PAD/ELSD and UPLC-TQ/MS were used to determine the volatile oil,fatty acids,flavonoids,phenolic acids,sugars,nucleoside and amino acids in the pericarp and seed of Z.bungeanum,and the results are as follows:(1)The results of volatile oil analysis showed that terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives as the main volatile compounds in fruit of Z.bungeanum,especially the linalyl acetate which content was relatively high in different parts of the fruit.The volatile components in the pericarp are more abundant compared with seeds and seeds oil.(2)The results of flavonoids and phenolic acids analysis showed that these resourful chemical compounds are mainly dristributed in pericarp of the fruit.Chlorogenic acid,rutin,hyperoside,isoquercitrin and quercetin are the main consitituents with the content of 2.15 mg/g,1.99 mg/g,3.94 mg/g,1.69 mg/g,2.04 mg/g,respectively.The above components were not detected in fruit and seed.(3)The results of fatty acids analysis showed that the total fatty acid contents in the pericarp and seed of Z.bungeanum were 108.42 mg/g and 331.63 mg/g,respectively.The seed oil extracted from the seeds contains large amounts of total fatty acid with the content reaching 966.04 mg/g,in which unsaturated fatty acids account for about 78.95% of the total content,and oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid are the predominant ones with the contents of 293.35 mg/g,246.56 mg/g and 184.41 mg/g.respectively.(4)The results of carbohydrate analysis showed that the total contents of soluble polysaccharides in the pericarp and seed of Z.bungeanum were were 96.33 mg/g and 19.18 mg/g,respectively.Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were detected in the pericarp and seeds with the contents of 9.71 mg/g and 3.78 mg/g,respectively.The above results revealed that the carbohydrate components are mainly exists in pericarp of the fruits,and neutral polysaccharides were found as the main type in the fruit of Z.bungeanum.(5)The results of nucleosides and nucleobases analysis showed that the difference exists between the chemical profile of these analytes in the pericarp and seed of Z.bungeanum.The total contents of nucleosides and nucleobases in the pericarp and seed are 2.14 mg/g and 3.94 mg/g,respectively,and uridine is the predominant compound with the content of 0.47 mg/g and 1.22 mg/g in the pericarp and seed,respectively.In addition,adenosine,inosine and thymine are all abundant in the fruits of Z.bungeanum.(6)The results of the protein and amino acids analysi showed that the total protein content in the pericarp of Z.bungeanum(92.32 mg/g)is much higher than that of seed(10.97 mg/g).The total amount of amino acids is about 52.90 mg/g in the pericarp and among them the proline content was the highest(9.95 mg/g).The total amount of amino acid in the seed is about 4.66 mg/g,and glutamic acid was found with the high proportion(1.03 mg/g).The free amino acids in the pericarp were found with the total content about 11.02 mg/g,while their amounts were relatively low in the seed,which total content is only 0.57 mg/g.Arginine and proline are the predominant compounds in the free amino acids for both the pericarp and seed.2.Study on the utilization of Z.bungeanum fruit(1)The effects of water extract and seed oil of Z.bungeanum on the asthma rat model which were obtained by using the egg albumin allergens combined with cold and fatigue stimulation were studied.The results showed that the water extract and seed oil have a certain degree of intervention on blood inflammatory cells,inflammatory factors and pathological changes of lung tissue on the rat model.The asthma rat administered with the water extract and seed oil exhibit a trend towards normalization,which indicated that Zanthoxyli Semen has a certain role in the prevention and treatment of asthma.(2)Based on metabolomics techniques,the mechanism of Zanthoxyli Semen against asthma was studied.Compared with the nomal rats,total of 28 potential biomarkers were found in the serum and urine of asthma rat models.Among them,the potential biomarkers identified in the serum involved in the metabolic pathways of linoleic acid metabolism,arachidonic acid metabolism,glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism and glycerol phospholipid metabolism.While the potential biomarkers identified in the serum involved in the metabolic pathways of glutamine and glutamic acid metabolism,pentose and glucuronic acid biotransformation,alanine,aspartic acid and glutamic acid metabolism,nicotinate and Nicotinamide metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism.According to analyse the change of biomarkers in serum and urine of asthma rats that were treated by Zanthoxyli Semen,found that the biomarkers in serum and urine of treatment groups were mainly involved glycerophospholipid metabolism,linoleic acid metabolism,nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathways.(3)The antioxidant activities of seed oil,pericarp volatile oil and amide extract were studied in vitro.The results showed that the amide extract exhibited the strong cleavage abilities on DPPH and ABTS with the IC50 values of 1.55 mg/m L and 0.23 mg/mL,respectively.The volatile oil and seed oil was weaker than that of amide,and the IC50 values were 19.36 mg/mL and 16.38 mg/mL,respectively.The scavenging effect of volatile oil and seed oil on DPPH free radicals was 0.11 mg/m L.The activity of volatile oil in the FRAP test was the strongest,followed by the amide site.The antioxidant level of the three groups showed a dose-dependent correlation in the linear range of FeSO4. |
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