The Development And Utilization Of Oil And Saponins From Chickpea

Chickpeas(Cicer arietinum L.),one of the wild progenitors of seven Neolithic founder crops and the third largest legume with respect to planting area for human consumption.Literature data reported that chickpeas contain various compounds,including unsaturated fatty acids,isoflavones,saponins,bioactive peptides,dietary fiber,etc.,with hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic,antihypertensive,anti-osteoporosis,anti-oxidation,and anti-carcinogenic activities.But up to now,it has not been effectively utilized as the food or primary products like chickpea flour.For developing and utilizing chickpea,the ones purchased from an agricultural products market in Urumqi were mainly researched in this paper.The content of three fatty acids from chickpea were determined by GC method with heptadecanoic acid melhyl ester as internal standard substance.The chromatographic separations were performed on an Agilent 7820 A GC equipped with a column of HP-5(0.25 ?m×0.32 mm×30 m)and a FID.The temperature of column,injector and detector were kept at 160 ?,280 ?,and 280 ?,respectively.The standard curves for linoleic acid methyl ester,methyl oleate and methyl palmitate were linear within the range of 0.400 4~2.002 2 mg·m L-1,0.410 0~2.049 8 mg·m L-1 and 0.399 9~1.999 4 mg·m L-1,respectively with a correlation coefficient 0.999 9.To optimize the technology of chickpea oil extracted with 6# solvent by Box-Behnken design and response surface method.On the basis of single factor tests,a three-level and three-variable Box-Behnken design was applied for the optimization of the processing parameters.The three independent variables were extraction temperature,time and liquid to solid ratio.Simultaneously taking into account the extraction volume and peroxide value,the optimized extraction conditions were extraction temperature of 62.1 ?,extraction time 2.13 h,and ratio of solid/liquid 1:6.9 g/m L.The extraction volume of 3.477 6 g/100 g and peroxide value of 1.54 mmol/kg were obtained from experiments,which could provide a reference for development and utilization of chickpea oil.Chickpeas were extracted by heat reflux extraction to obtain oils under optimal process conditions.The chickpea oil Was esterified by sulfuric acid-methanol and analyzed by GC method with heptadecanoic acid melhyl ester as internal standard substance,under the above chromatographic conditions.The result showed that the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the oils of chickpea were more than 80%.Therefore,the method can be used as an important method to evaluate the quality of chickpea oil after methodological validation.The structure of group B soyasaponins obtained from chickpea was determined as 3-O-[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1?2)-?-D-galactopyranosyl] soyasapogenol B on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as well as high resolution mass spectrometry and acid hydrolysis.3-O-[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1?2)-?-D-galactopyranosyl] soyasapogenol B was isolated and purified by macroporous resin column chromatography,ODS chromatography,and semi-preparative HPLC.The purity was determined by HPLC-ELSD analysis using the main component self-compare with no corretion factor.The reference substance was prepared and its purity was up to 98% in line with the standard of quantitative analysis.Therefore,3-O-[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1?2)-?-D-galactopyranosyl] soyasapogenol B prepared by the present method could be used as reference substance to quality control for natural product and their preparations,as well as the research on the pharmacodynamic material basis.In chromatographic analysis,it was found that there was some component that was not obtained,and the content of which was significantly higher than that of chickpeasaponin B1.In view of the characteristics,poor stability and degradation into chickpeasaponin B1,it is suspected to be DDMP saponins.Because of the structural stability of chickpeasaponin B1,we expect it is the source of chickpea functionality rather than DDMP saponin.The effect of p H on the stability of DDMP saponin was studied in this experiment.It was found that alkaline hydrolysis in aqueous ethanol produced the maximum amount of chickpeasaponin B1 when compared to aqueous ethanol and acid hydrolysis in aqueous ethanol.When the concentration was increased to 0.5%,catalytic efficiency was significantly enhanced.In summary,an efficient process for obtainment of chickpeasaponin B1 from chickpeas was established using the combining MAE technique and alkaline hydrolysis method.The procedures were optimized,validated,and compared with other conventional processes.High quality product containing mainly chickpeasaponin B1 was produced with less production time duration.Therefore,the results indicated the feasibility for future applications.In the present study,separation of chickpeasaponin B1 from chickpea extract has been carried out by adsorption on six different macroporous resins.Static and dynamic adsorption of chickpeasaponin B1 from chickpea extract is studied on macroporous resins followed by desorption.HPD450 shows the maximum adsorption as well as desorption capacity.The adsorption experiments indicate that equilibrium can be achieved in 210 min.The adsorption equilibrium data is well fitted in the Langmuir isotherm.The separation process is optimized by investigating flow rate adsorption capacity and effect of concentration of ethanol on desorption capacity.The results showed that the purity of chickpeasaponin B1 is increased from 4.41%to 53.5%by the dynamic desorption with 70% ethanol.HPD450 resin can efficiently separate chickpeasaponin b1 from chickpea extract,which forms the basis for large scale preparation of chickpeasaponin B1 by resin adsorption.