| Butterflies have great ornamental value,artistic value and ecological values.they play an important role in scientific research,medicine and food fields.In this paper,the butterflies Danaus chrysippus and Cethosia biblis were studied.Firstly,we investigated the olfactory learning ability of pupae and adults of D.chrysippus,visual and olfactory utilization in courtship.Secondly,we studied the use of visual and olfactory signals during foriging of C.biblis,and observed antennal sensilla of males and females.Exploring foraging behavior and courtship behavior of butterflies can provides scientific evidence for luring butterflies,creating natural flying landscape and strengthing artificial breeding.The main contents and conclusions are as follows:(1)Foraging preference and learning behavior in foraging of the butterfly Danaus chrysippusBy observing the tendency of D.chrysippus to important volatile compounds in nectar plants.It was found that ?-pinene had a significant lure effect on D.chrysippus,and the effect strengthen with the increase of ?-pinene concentration.Therefore,?-pinene is chosen as learning substance to study the associative learning of D.chrysippu in pupal and adult stage.The results show that the adults treated with ?-pinene solution in the pupal stage,showed higher selection ratio on mixture solution than pure honey water;By learning for 1 to 6 days,adults exhibited the same behavior that they prefer mixed solution to the pure honey water.And we found that,with the increase of learning days,the frequency of D.chrysippu visit mixed solution was higher,indicating that combining foraging preference of D.chrysippus and optimal learning time,can enhance significantly the luring effect of D.chrysippus.(2)Intraspecific identification in courtship of the butterfly D.chrysippusBy observing the courtship behavior of females and males adults.The results showed that chasing behavior between males and females includes 4 kinds: male chasing male,male chasing female,female chasing female and female chasing male.Among them,the times of male chasing female and male were higher significantly than female chasing female and male,So males play an active role in courtship,male chasing male frequently is mainly because of competition.In the model test,we found that females and males both could identified wings color of conspecifics when there is no odor information.but they had no ability to distinguish the same sex or the opposite sex,indicating that wings color can help D.chrysippus to recognition similar.The visual characteristics of wings show that the differences in wings color and UV reflectance between females and males are obvious,indicating that the visual signals of wings involved in sex recognition.In order to make clear the effect of olfactory signals in courtship,SPME and GC/MS were used to collect and analyze the volatiles of male and female adults,20 kinds and 17 kinds of compounds were detected in females and males,respectively.They mainly include terpenes,esters,ketones,alcohols,alkanes and aromatic compounds.Among them,female's own volatiles have 4 kinds,male's own volatiles has 1 kind and common volatiles detected both in females and males have 16 kinds.By texting the EAG reaction of females and males to female's own volatiles,male's own volatiles and 4 kinds of common volatiles with higher contents in females and males,It was found that most compounds could evoked significant EAG responses in females and males.Females and males had different significantly EAG responses to female's own volatile 1,4-Butanediol Monomethyl Ether,hypothesized that the substance play a role in gender recognition.In common volatiles,in addition to(+)-?-pinene,the others whether low concentration(1?g/?L)or high concentration(100?g/?L),could provoke obviously females and males EAG responses(p<0.05),indicated that common compounds play a role in the same recognition.Therefore,we believe that the visual and olfactory information are both involve in sex recognition of D.chrysippus.And they locates conspecifics rely on visual signals in distance,distinguish male and female rely on olfactory signals at close distance.(3)Visual and olfactory responses of the butterfly Cethosia bibis during flower visitationTo study the responses of C.biblis to colors and odor in its foraging behavior.The attractiveness effect of C.biblis by different colors and volatile compounds were investigated respectively.It was found that both visual and olfactory signals had effects on foraging behavior of C.biblis.In the five different-colored flower models,C.biblis had shown a clear preference to white,followed by yellow and pink.In the light luring test,the attractiveness of the different color light at night was better than those of daytime generally;and the pink light had attracted the largest number of butterfly.Olfactory signals were significantly attractive to adults of C.biblis.The flower models scented with 1% methyl salicylate and synthetic blends(1% ?-pinene + 1% methyl salicylate + 1% 1-octanal)had attracted significantly more adults than the odorless ones.It is concluded that,both olfactory and visual cues play important roles in food searching behavior of C.biblis,while the adults depend primarily on olfactory signal to choose appropriate food.The butterfly obviously prefer to white flower,possibly related to strong reflection of the white flower.(4)The antennal sensilla of C.biblis and olfactory utilization in foraging behaviorThe antennal sensilla of the butterfly C.biblis were observed by SEM.The results showed that the butterflies antennae consists of 3 parts(scape,pedicel and flagellum),antennal sensilla distributed in each part.There was no significant difference in the length and width of the antennal sensilla between the sexes(p>0.05).The types of antennal sensilla were the same between males and females,included five types: Sensilla squamiformia,Sensilla trichodea(?and?),Sensilla coeloconica,Sensilla chaetica and B(?)hm bristles.On the sensilla size,the length of B(?)hm bristles,Sensilla trichodea ?,Sensilla squamiformia and the width of Sensilla trichodea ?,Sensilla coeloconica on males antenna is greater than the females,indicating that the majority of males sensillum were more developed.On the quantity,the number of most sensillum and the total number of sensillum of males were larger than females,maybe is that males need more sensillum to perceiving the odor of sex pheromones during courtship.On the distribution,there was no difference in distribution for most sensillum besided ST? and SCh.Therefore,it is considered there was no obvious sexual dimorphism within species.According to previous reports on the shape and function of the antennal sensilla,the function of antennal sensilla was analyzed. |
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