Population Genetics Of Pseudopodoces Humilis(Aves:Paridae)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Groud Tit?Pseudopodoces humilis?is anendemic birdto the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?QTP?.We used 425 samples from 26 geographic populations and used the partial sequence?890 bp?of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker.This paper investigates the population genetics and geographical distribution of groud tits,and conclusions are as follows:1.Eight hundred and nighty base pair sequence contains 29 polymorphic loci;of which 21 are simple information loci.Twenty-seven haplotypes are defined.Hap 1 and Hap 2 are the most widely distributed haplotypes with the largest number of the whole population,the percentage of 65.The total haplotype diversity?Hd?is 0.73861,the nucleotide diversity???is 0.00221,and the haplotype diversity among the geographic populations rangs from 0 to 0.81699.The highest value goes to Naqu,while the popilations of Gangcha,Mangkang and Ruoergai are mono-haplotyped.2.According to the haplotype network map and phylogenetic tree,Hap₁ and Hap₂ are the central haplotypes with the widest distribution and the largest number of the entire sample.Hap₁2 and Hap₂6 have the most distant genetic distances from other haplotypes,which can only be found in Qinghai.The ML tree with gtreat tits?Parus major?as the outcrop shows that Hap₉ and Hap₁0 are the ancestry haplotypes,which indicates that the eastern corner of Tibet might be a refuge in the last ice age.3.The genetic differentiation coefficient of the ground tit are Gst =0.428855,Fst = 0.67386 and Hs = 0.42092.The Gst of each population rangs from-0.03109 to 1,while Fst ranges from 0.27717 to 1.According to the UPGMA tree constructed by Fst and geographical distribution information,the 26 geographic populations can be divided into 4 groups:the northern group?northern margin of the QTP?,the southern group?southeast corner of the QTP?,the mid-west group?middle and western of the QTP?and the eastern group?eastern margin of the QTP?.The differentiation of the northern group is higher than those of the other three groups,while the differentiation between the mid-west groups and the eastern group is very low.