The Research Of Tuan Chi-jui And The Paiyang Army ’s Artillery System In The Late Qing Dynasty(1895-1900)

Tuan chi-jui was an all-powerful political figure in the late Qing dynasty, joined Yuan Shih-kai’s The Peiyang Army group in 1895,held the post of commandand of the artillery battalionand and the supervision of artillery school for a long time and set up the first normal artillery in Chinese history.The Peiyang Army was on the basis of system modeled on Germany for training.Besides, Tuan chi-jui who had studied in Germany, was familiar with the German military, especially the Military Science of the gun.So Tuan chi-jui formed a distinctive German artillery system of thought in the process of training based on the German artillery system. Under the guidance of this thought,The Peiyang Army’s artillery system was established in the late Qing dynasty.It includes the following three aspects.First, the German artillery system. With the help of Tuan chi-jui et al,the artillery battalion system of The Newly Created Army did establish.Wu-wei Right Army and the vanguard rightbasically carried on as before. Second,the German artillery technology. It mainly related to German artillery and ammunition types, operation, etc; The training content of artillery also gradually tend to be more uniform and formal. Third, the German artillery education. Tuan chi-jui served as the supervision of Artillery School.The education system and content were all modeled on Germany.It had the advanced side but was filled with a large number of Chinese traditional ethics.The Peiyang Army’s artillery system in the late Qing dynasty can see its effect in the part of the marching practice.The New Army and The Wuwei Army all took part in joint exercise of different arms,the performance of which has been recorded in some parts of the History of the Wars.The establishment of The Peiyang Army’s artillery system,that is,the establishment of modern artillery system, to some extent reflects the militarymodernization in the late Qing dynasty and played a positive role.But restricted by the late Qing Dynasty’s own system, the results of military modernization were limited.Its main outcome was the new army military followed Germany,which can’t be a real modern army.In a word,army training and foreign resource injection was still a great event in modern Chinese military history.Although it was counterproductive,it was after all an important step and played a leading role.It laid solid foundation for the development and maturity of Chinese military.