Impact Of Coal Mining On Farmers’s Livelihood: Empirical Studty Of Shenmu County

The energy"Golden Triangle" in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Gansu are typical area in northern China to bring pastoral transitional which are ecological fragile, energy-rich, complex areas of rural poverty. Coal development makes the rapid economic development in the region, but has a negative impact on Farmers’ living environment, livelihoods are facing serious challenges. Farmers’ livelihood is related to the resources development zones of urban and rural.In this study, take Shenmu as example, by the household survey, with the use of entropy method to evaluate and analysis the different types of household livelihoods capital and livelihood strategies,use the multiple regression method to analysis the factors affecting farmers’ income. The livelihood of different regions’ farmers in the northern coal-rich region and the southern region of the lack of coal is analyzed. Analysis the influence of coal exploitation on the livelihoods of farmers, clarify the response of farmers in coal zone. Finally, based on the current assessment of the livelihood of farmers, propose farmers’ livelihood optimization strategy. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) The situation analysis of farmers’ sustainable livelihoods.① In the side of livelihood capital, the north is higher than the south. Due to the influence of coal exploitation, the value of northern farmers’ natural capital is only 0.0391, lower than that in the southern whose value is 0.1941. Physical capital, the value of the north is higher than the south 0.0089. Human capital, the value of the northern farmers is 0.1434,0.0167 higher than that in the southern. Financial capital, the northern farmers is 0.7647, per capita income is 15000 yuan, the southern farmers is 0.3134, the per capita income is only 10000 yuan. Social capital, the value of the farmer in the north is slightly higher than that in the south, but in the aspect of the relationship with family and friends, the south is higher than the north.② In the side of livelihood strategies, the living ways of different farmers is different. The payments of low-income households have imbalance; labor income is mainly source of middle-income families, accounting for 52.72%, the proportion of education spending is the most; Transfer income of high-income households accounted for 88.39%, the proportion of the building decoration expenses is 41.22%. The main livelihood strategies of pure farmers and agriculture farmers is animal husbandry; Moreover, the index of non-agriculture farmers livelihood diversity is highest,3.38; Energy subsidies in non-agricultural household accounted for ratio of more than 90% of the income of farmers, the proportion of expenditure is mainly used to buy a house decoration based.(2) The influence analysis of coal mining on the farmer household’s livelihood. ① The effect of coal development on different farmers’ income is significant. The per capita net income of farmers in northern is 5000 yuan higher than southern farmers, workers and industry is a major source of income in northern farmers. ② The effects of influence factors of farmers’ income is different. The effect of educational level shows the greatest impact on middle-income families, the per capitanet income will increase 268 yuan one year; and work experience plays a significant role for high-income families, the revenue will increase 885 yuan each year. Labor employment, as the proportion of the labor force in the high-income households increases 1%, the per capita income will increase 632 yuan. Location factors become a significant factor in household income. ③ The difference in perception of farmers in different regions is large. The farmers’ perception in coal mining zone,42.33% of the farmers think the main problem currently facing is the lack of labor. From the point of life satisfaction, the northern farmers is not satisfied with ecological environment only, the degree of satisfaction with health and education status in the southern farmers is low. The northern farmers believe that the coal resource development lead to the bad rural ecological and the lack of government measures; the southern farmers think the main reason is the loss of labor. Northern farmers need help to implement the policy and improve the ecological environment. Nearly 40% of the southern farmers want the government to provide old-age security.(3) The analysis of farmers’livelihood. ① From the evaluation results of all aspects of living, northern farmers are significantly better than that of southern farmers. In terms of the risk of resistance, the average value of southern farmers is 0.5215, lower than that of the northern farmers. In the area of living environment, northern farmers is 0.0257 higher than that of southern farmers. In terms of social resilience, the value of northern farmers is 0.6896, showing good adaptability. ② The optimization strategy of farmers’ livelihood coal development zone. Countries should develop agriculture of the study area, to extend the coal industry chain, to provide more employment opportunities; to improve government supporting policies and measures, to establish the supervision and feedback system; to intensify environmental protection, to improve water conservancy、roads、health care、education and others infrastructure construction, to promote the integration of rural settlement; to strengthen farmers’ livelihood skills training, to guide farmers to carry out regular investment.