| Six typical water conservation forests(Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, Pinus koraiensis Sieb. plantation, Larix gmelinii plantation,Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation etc.) were chose to study the spatial structure characteristics and typical water storage capacity of water source conservation forests in eastern Liaoning mountains according to measured the forest in sample plot by using Total Station, collected litter layer by the mesh bag and cutting ring sampling method to measure soil physical properties and the determination of permeability in Zhaojia forest farm and Douling forest farm which located at the upstream of Shuzi River. in order to provide theory and technology support for eastern Liaoning mountain water conservation forests’ Scientific construction and continuous management. The result showed that:The uniform angle index of Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest in eastern Liaoning mountain were 0.488 and 0.516, which were randomly distribution. The uniform angle index of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Plantation, Larix gmelinii plantation and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation respectively were 0.445, 0.451 and 0.475, which were uniform distribution. The mingling of Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest respectively were 0.735 and 0.704, which were close to the intensive mingling, which shows that the protection of two kinds of natural secondary forest was good, the human disturbance was small, it was close to the natural succession. The Neighborhood Comparison of DBH of Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest were both around 0.5 which belong to the middle level. The Neighborhood Comparison of height of Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest was also around 0.5 which belong to the middle level,while the Neighborhood Comparison of height of Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest was around 0.25 which belongs to the sub-dominant level.The dominant species in shrub layer was Euonymus alatus with the important value of 67.5 in Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, while the dominant species in herb layer was Equisetum hyemale L. with the important value of 27.2. The dominant species in shrub layer were Schisandra chinensis and Staphylea bumalda in Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, while the dominant species in herb layer was Arisaema heteropLyllum with the important value of 13.6.The total thickness of litter of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Plantation was 6.8cm which was the biggest of six forests, the thickness of Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest were around 5.2cm, the total thickness of litter of Larix gmelinii pure forest and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (6:4) was about 4.5cm; the total thickness of litter of Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (4:6) was the smalles, which is 3.4cm. The litter’s reserve was the biggest in Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Plantation and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, which were 49.21t/hm2 and 40.02 t/hm2. The litter’s reserve was the second in Larix gmelinii pure forest, Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (6:4) and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (4:6) which lies between 28.50 t/hm2 and 32.54 t/hm2. The litter’s reserve was the smallest in Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, which were 17.81 t/hm2. The litter’s water holding capacity was no significant difference in Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Plantation, Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, Larix gmelinii pure forest, Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (6:4) and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation(4:6), which lies between 75.78 t/hm2 and 93.26 t/hm2. The litter’s water holding capacity was smaller in Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, which was 36.68 t/hm2. the maximum water holding ratio was the biggest in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (6:4) and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation(4:6), which were 306.8% and 282.9% respectively. the maximum water holding ratio was the samller in Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest and Larix gmelinii pure forest, which were 189.3% and 189.5% respectively.The soil water storage capacity was the biggest Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, the effective water holding capacity can reach to 313.96g/kg. the effective water holding capacity was the smallest in Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (4:6),which was 125.57 g/kg. There is no significant difference of other forests types. The soil infiltration rate in process of 0-10min gradually become bigger, the soil infiltration rate in the process of 10 to 25 min gradually become smaller, since it was basically stable after 40min. the initial soil infiltration rate was the fastest in Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest, which was 8.15mm/min. the initial soil infiltration rate was the second in Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, which was 6.35mm/min. the initial soil infiltration rate was smallest Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (4:6), which was 2.36 mm/min. The steady infiltration rate were respectively 2.8 mm/min..2.7 mm/min..2.6 mm/min in Larix gmelinii pure forest, Ulmus pumila L. and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. natural secondary mixed forest and Quercus mongolica natural secondary pure forest, There was no big difference between them. The steady infiltration rate was the slowest in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (6:4) and Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandschurica mixed plantation (4:6) which was respectively 1.5 mm/min and 1.6 mm/min. It showed that the soil structure of conifer broadleaf mixed forest is tightness. |
