Effects Of Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate Or Glutamine On Nutrient Metabolism And Antioxidative Capacity In Rats

Two trails had been taken to investigate effects of arginine, carbamylglutamate or glutamine on nutrient metabolism and antioxidant capacity in rats.The trail 1:Effect of arginine, carbamylglutamate or glutamine on growth performance and nutrient metabolism for rats. Sixty-five rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (the control group has 26 rats, and other groups have 13 rats respectively) and were given commom diet, common diet supplemented with 1% arginine,0.1% N-carbamylglumate or 1% lutamine, respectively. Urine was collected for 24 hours continuously at end of experiment. Results were as follows:(1) Compared with the control group, average daily feed intakes were increased respectively 29%,21%,13%, 9%(P<0.05); average daily weight gains were increased respectively 155%,75%,29%, 22%(P<0.05) by arginine in 0-7,0-14,0-21,0-28 days. Compared with the control group, average daily feed intakes were increased respectively 22%,12%(P<0.05); average daily weight gains were increased respectively 103%,54%(P<0.05) by N-carbamyglutamate in 0-7,0-14 days. Compared with the control group, average daily feed intakes were increased respectively 29%,17%(P<0.05); average daily weight gains were increased respectively 134%,55%(P<0.05) by glutamine in 0-7,0-14 days. However, feed efficiencies showed no significance difference among groups. (2) Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate or glutamine significantly influenced nutrient metabolism in rats. Compared with the control group, firstly, arginine affected the rats’ lipid metabolism for the level of 4-amino hippurate was significantly increased in urine (P<0.05); arginine influenced rats’ energy metabolism for levels of (3-glucose and lactate were significantly decreased in urine; levels of creatine and a-ketoglutarate were significantly increased in urine (P<0.05); arginine also affected rats’ nitrogen metabolism for levels of citrulline, N-acetylgluamate and glycine were significantly decreased in urine, the level of homogentisic acid was increased in urine (P<0.05); in addition, arginine affected rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for levels of acetate and phenylacetyglycine were significantly increased, hippurate, propionate and isobutyrate were siginificantly decreasedby arginine in urine (P<0.05). Secondly, N-carbamylglutamate affected the rats’ lipid metabolism for the level of acetoacetate was significantly increased and acetone was significantly decreased by N-carbamylglutamate in urine (P<0.05); N-carbamylglutamate affected the rats’ energy metabolism for the level of lactate and creatine were significantly increased by N-carbamylglutamate in urine (P<0.05); N-carbamylglutamate affected the rats’ nitrogen metabolism for levels of citrulline, N-acetylgluamate and hippurate were significantly decreased by N-carbamylglutamate in urine (P<0.05); N-carbamylglutamate affected the rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for levels of acetate and p-hydroxyphenylacetate were significantly decreased by N-carbamylglutamate in urine (P< 0.05). Thirdly, glutamine affected rats’ nitrogen metabolism for the levels of citrulline were significantly increased by glutamine in urine (P<0.05); glutamine affected the rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for levels of formate, acetate, acetamide were significantly increased; the level of methylamine was significantly decreased by glutamine in urine (P<0.05). Conclusions:Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate or glutamine promoted the growth performance of rats. Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate or glutamine influnenced energy, lipid, nitrogen and intestinal microbial metabolism in rats.The trail 2:Effects of arginine, N-carbamylglutamate, glutamine on nutrients metabolism and antioxidative capacity for rats. Following the trial 1, the control group was divided into two groups (control, diquat oxidative stress), a total of 5 groups were renamed:control, diquat oxidative stress, diquat+arginine, diquat+N-carbamylglutamine, diquat+glutamine. After 4 weeks treatments as the trail 1, the control was injected with a 10mg/kg BW physiological saline; diquat oxidative stress, diquat+arginine, diquat+N-carbamylglutamine, diquat+glutamine were injected with 12mg/kg BW diquat, in the belly. After injection, urine was collected for 24 hours continuously. Rats were slaughtered in 24 hour after injected. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), gluthione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malindialdehyde (MDA), anti-superoxide anion (ASA), anti-hydroxy radical (AHR) were determined, in jejunum, liver and plasma. Jejunum morphology and plasma biochemistry were determinated.Contents of Small molecular metabolites were determined, in urine and plasma. Results as follows: ① Compared with the control group, GSH content and CAT acitivity were significantly decreased 57% and 58%(P<0.05) in jejunum of the diquat oxidative stressgroup. Compared with the diquat oxidative stress group, GSH contents and CAT activities were increased 166% and 141%,144% and 152%,220% and 190% in jejunum of diquat+arginine, diquat+N-carbamylglutamine and diquat+glutamine groups, respectively. ②:Compared with the control group, CAT activity was decreased by 18% (P<0.05) in liver of the diquat oxidative stress group. Compared with the diquat oxidative stress group, CAT activity was significantly increasd by 21%(P<0.05) in liver of diquat+arginine group; levels of T-AOC and GSH were significantly increased by 20% and 25%(P<0.05) in liver of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; GSH content and CAT activity were significantly increased by 18% and 23%(P<0.05) in liver of thediquat+glutamine group.③:Compared with the control group, levels of T-AOC, GSH, ASA, CAT, AHR were significantly decreased by 28%,30%,14%,33%,39%(P<0.05) in the plasma of the diquat oxidative stress group. Compared with the diquat oxidative stress group, levels of GSH, ASA and CAT were significantly increased by 26%,18% and 16%(P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+arginine group; levels of T-AOC, GSH, ASA, AHR were significantly increased by 20%,36%,18%,41%(P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; the level of MDA was singnificantly decreased by 18%(P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; Levels of ASA, GSH, CAT, AHR were significantly increased by 51%,16%,16%,96%(P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+glutamine group; the level of MDA was singnificantly decreased by 18% (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+glutamine group.④:Compared with the control group, jejunum structure was demaged in diquat oxidative stress group for crypt depth was increased (P<0.05); compared with the diquat oxidative stress group, glutamine protected the jejunum for villus height, crypt depth and villus area were increased (P< 0.05) in diquat+glutamine group; arginine protected the jejunum for villus height/crpth depth was increased (P<0.05) in diquat+arginine group. ⑤:Small molecular metabolism were influenced by oxidative stress. Firstly, oxidative stress affected lipid oxidation, compared with the control group, choline, phosphorylcholine, cholesterol, trilyceride were significantly increased, lipid, unsaturated lipid, VLDL were decreased (P <0.05) in plasma of the diquat oxidative stress group; 4-aminohippurate was significantly increased (P<0.05), bile acidwas significantly decreased (P<0.05) in urine of the diquat oxidative stress group; secondly, oxidative stress affected energy metabolism for a-glucose, β-glucose and citrulline were singnificantly increased (P< 0.05) in plasma of the diquat oxidative stress group; alanine, creatine and lactate weresignificantly increased (P<0.05), citrate, succinate were significantly decreased (P <0.05) in urine of the diquat oxidative stress group; thirdly, oxidative stress affected nitrogen metabolism for lysine, glutamate, AST and AST/ALT were singnificantly increased (P<0.05), valine, BUN/CRE, ALB/TP were singnificantly decreased (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat oxidative stress group (P<0.05); in addition, oxidative stress affected intestinal microbial metabolism for betaine and TMAO were singnificantly increased in plasma (P<0.05); hippurate, ethanol, acetate, methylamine, m-hydroxyphenylacetate weresignificantly increased in urine (P<0.05) of the diquat oxidative stress group. ⑥:Compared with the diquat oxidative stress, arginine affected oxidative stressing rats’ energy metabolism for levels of a-glucose, β-glucose and alanine were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+arginine group; citrate and a-ketoglutarate were significantly increased (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+arginine group; lactate, β-glucose and creatine were significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in urineof the diquat+arginine group; arginine affected oxidative stressing rats’ nitrogen metabolism for levels of alanine, lysine, tyrosine were significantly decreased in plasma (P<0.05), citrulline, N-acetylglutamate and glycine were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in urine of the diquat+arginine group; arginine affected oxidative stressing rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for levels of ethanol, isobutyrate, malonate and propionate were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in urine of the diquat+arginine group. ⑦:Compared with The diquat oxidative stress, N-carbamylglutamate affected oxidative stressing rats’ glucose and energy metabolism for levels of citrate and a-ketoglutarate and β-glucose were significantly increased (P<0.05), Lactate was significantly decreased (P <0.05) in urineof the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; N-carbamylglutamate affected oxidative stressing rats’lipid oxidation for levels of lipid, LDL, unsaturated lipid and VLDL were significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in plasma of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; N-carbamylglutamate affected oxidative stressing rats’nitrogen metabolism for levels of lysine, threonine and BUN were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; citrulline, N-acetylglutamate and ornithine were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in urine of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group; N-carbamylglutamate affected oxidative stressing rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for ethanol was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in plasma and urine of the diquat+N-carbamylglutamate group. ⑧:Compared with The diquat oxidative stress, glutamine affected oxidative stressing rats’nitrogen metabolism for levels of glutamate, phenylalanine and leucine were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in plasma of the diquat+glutamine group of the diquat+glutamine group; glutamine affected oxidative stressing rats’ intestinal microbial metabolism for the level of isobutyrate was significantly increased (P<0.05) in plasma, acetate and formate were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in urine of the diquat+glutamine group. The results showed that oxidative stress can alter glucose, lipid, nitrogen and microbe metabolism in rats, and result in damage to jejunum structure. Arginine and N-carbamylglutamate can affect energy, nitrogen and microbe metabolism and alleviate jejunum damage in different degrees on oxidative stressing rats. Glutamine can affect energy, nitrogen and microbe metabolism and alleviate jejunum damage on oxidative stressing rats.In a word, Arginine, N-carbamylglutamate as well as glutamine affect energy, nitrogen and microbe metabolism and alleviate jejunum damage on oxidative stressing rats. The three kinds of amino acids can improve antioxidant capacity in oxidative stressing rats by enzyme and non enzyme antioxidant system and improve growth performance on rars.