Study On Chinese Constitutional Reform In 1925

The whole1920s is a big turning point in China from constitutionalism to partyand government. On April20,1926Duan Qirui announced to be forced from officeunder the stress of Feng yuxiang’s national army,which can be seen as a turning pointfinishing marker of events.The last attempt of peaceful reunification and saving therepublican constitutionalism of Beiyang government ended in failure.From the perspective of the constitutional situation,China was in theunprecedented opportunity period of constitutional government in1925before whichwe didn’t finish the turning.From the analysis of the constitutional situationperspective, China was in the history of great constitutional opportunity in1925before which it completed the turning.Constitutional situation of specific field andspecific historical stage should at least consider it from three aspects,namely, theextent of the constitutional concept’s introduction and popularization,the degree ofcompromise of the top political to constitutional reform and the awareness level of theunderlying civil’s constitutional consciousness.Lineal warlord WuPeifu’s"force unification"policy’s bankruptcy,putting forwardthe solution of solving the situation by meeting negotiation way of Duan Qirui’sinterim government and the appeal of civil society groups together contributed to theformation of the political context of China’s peaceful reunification,which provided thebasic premise and possibility for China’s thorough constitutional reform in1925.As the opposite of "force unification", follow-up meetings through meetingnegotiation way strived for peaceful reunification of the country and the politicalproblem, and could meet with the approval of the most domestic local strength whichwas rare in the period of the Beiyang government reign of factions complex chaos andreflected the majority of citizens and politicians through meeting to reach acompromise, to the strong desire of constitutional government,which had a positivepolitical connotation.The kuomintang (KMT)’s game, compromise and rupture with Duan Qiruigovernment before and after the follow-up meeting made kuomintang tended to bemore radical had promoted the deterioration of the political context of peacefulreunification and the transfer of the social public opinion’s flow.Members in thefollow-up meeting discussed the most important things related to political situation,namely tightening of military, arrangement of finance, the national conference oforganic law and coupling system of provincial autonomy and the interim governmentand so on.You could see Duan Qirui government’s hard practice to persue thecountry’s peaceful reunification, the trend of the balancing factions and republicanconstitutionalism from contents of the proposals and process of the solution accepted.Constitutional environment deteriorated initially in the game and rupturebetween sun and Duan Qirui before the meeting.Judging by appearance,tuan chi-juigovernment did not meet the kuomintang "follow-up meeting and people’sorganizations",which leaded to sun and Duan Qirui’s break,but behind the rhetoric itwas in fact the result of lost power in the game fighting for reconstruction of statepower between the revolutionary and Beiyang sides. Constitutional environment not only faced the challenge of the party’s governance from outside the system,but alsointernal weak balance of Duan Qirui government were broken by restlessrevolutionary forces.The interim government had been unable to maintain balance inthe conflict of Feng and Zhang,so constitutional environmental was comprehensivelyworsening. The kuomintang (KMT) leaded the social public opinion towards theextreme by using the method of manipulation of political parties and otherorganizations through student protest events,which accompanied constitutionalenvironmental degradation.Beiyang system itself were slack on the brink of collapse situation whichincreased the difficulties for Duan Qirui reforming Beiyang government’s politicalresources. Its own political system and political ethics and political behavior patternsof Beiyang government were not effective against the northern expeditionary armyand finishing constitutional reform.Revolutionaries didn’t complete the roletransformation after the XinHai revolution,they still pursued a violent revolution routeand ignored the national constitutional government system construction.Lackness ofsincerity of constitutional reform of kuomintang (KMT) was the direct cause ofconstitutional opportunity loss.People should reflect the acts of violence in therevolution and turn the historical disaster into national wisdom.