Comparison The Westernization Reform Of The Late Ottoman Empire With Those Of The Late Qing Dynasty

The westernization reform of Ottoman Empire begins with the reform, of Selim III, and the westernization reform of late Qing dynasty of China starts with the westernization movement. The westernization reform of Ottoman Empire is earlier than the westernization of late Qing dynasty for more than half a century. The Ottoman Empire, threatened by the Russian invasion, failed repeatedly in the war with Russia. Thus, it had to reform the old army and learn advanced technology from Europe. After being invaded by countries such as Britain and France, the late Qing Empire was forced to learn western technology, the establishment of military industry and civilian industry, and to deal with the "westernization"(or "services") as the important measures of the Qing westernization of reform. Westernization reforms between the two countries have differences in the starting time, but the background, content, results have similarities, at least comparable.This article talks mainly from three aspects of comparison, which are the military reform, economic reform and political reform, then analysis respectively, finally draw the conclusion. Westernization reform of the two countries, mainly related to the Ottoman Empire’s reforms of Selim III, Mahmud II reform, Tanzimat, two constitutional, the Westernization Movement of the late Qing Empire, Hundred Days’ Reform and. the New Deal in the late Qing dynastyThe comparison shows that the westernization reforms of the two countries are passive implemented and the reform process is not smooth. The Ottoman reforms took advantage of the brief period of peace after signing a contract with Russia. The late Qing Empire experienced the civil strife and foreign aggression of the Taiping heavenly kingdom Movement, Sino-Japanese War of1894-1895, the Eight-Power Allied Forces. The two backward countries lacked of economic foundation of Westernization reform. They were dominated by agriculture, low degree of commercialization and lack of a unified market. With the unreasonable financial and tax policies, the new capitalist economy was restricted. The two countries’ political corruption and social contradictions were sharp. Ottoman had religious, ethnic, and many other issues. Westernization reform of the two countries failed to meet the target, but the reform was in line with the trend of the times. The process of the two countries’westernization reform started with the introduction of artifacts, ended with the process of learning system. Military, economic and political reforms laid the foundation for the later modernization. Of course, the difference of the two countries’Westernization reform was obvious. For example, the reformers of the Ottoman Empire received education in Western Europe, so they had a deeper understanding of the West. The reformers of the late Qing Empire were mainly from bureaucratic. They did not understand the culture and institutions of the Western countries. Thus, the two countries’ reform to efforts and judgment of reform were different. This naturally led to the different effects of the reform. On the other hand, the late Qing Empire is a secular country, religion had less effect on the rule of the country, While the Ottoman Empire is a theocratic Empire, religious had great restriction to the political.