Studies Of Different Algorithms In Counterfeit Drugs Fast-screen By Spectroscopy

Counterfeit drugs are a global problem with significant and well-documentedconsequences for global health and patient safety, they also interference the normaldevelopment of social order and the pharmaceutical market. Currently, a wide variety ofcounterfeits and the increasingly sophisticated means of counterfeiting pose a greatchallenge to the ability of analytical techniques. The index of the ability of analyticaltechniques is comprehensive, which includes rapidity, simplicity, economy and accuracy,anyone of the indicators not meeting the requirements will limit the popularization oftechnology.A lot of methods were developed to detect counterfeits and adulterants, includingchemistry, spectroscopy, and some chromatographic separation-based methods. Ramanspectroscopy can provide rapid, sensitive, non-destructive analysis of samples processing,when coupled with a portable Raman spectrometer, this technique has the potential to beused as an in situ, rapid screening tool for drugs. In recent years, with the development ofportable Raman spectrometers and chemometrics, the Raman spectroscopy has beenwidely applied, esp. in the field of counterfeits detection.In this study, an overview of the development and advantages of Ramanspectroscopy and chemometrics was given, and all kinds of methods contained in thecounterfeits analysis system established in this laboratory were summarized. Accordingto the system, a number of counterfeits are divided into several levels, in which manydetection methods are applied. An effective and accurate method for different levels ofcounterfeit drugs detection was proposed. In addition, according to the phenomenon ofdoping and misuse of toxic excipients, a complete qualitative and quantitative detectionmethod was built, too.Part Ι. Overview. Chemometrics is an interdisciplinary subject which is theintersection of mathematics and statistics, chemistry and computer science. It has becomea conventional analytical tool for chemists worldwide. Raman spectroscopy provides arapid, simple, sensitive and non-destructive testing for samples, the number of reportsabout which applied in counterfeit medicines analysis increases. By self-research,innovative use of old methods, and introduction of the techniques from other areas, etc., different methods were incorporated to establish a complete counterfeit drugsidentification system to deal with various types of counterfeits, then a brief introductionof all kinds of methods was present and a complete and effective solution for drugsfast-screen was provided.PartⅡ. Research of solutions for different levels of counterfeit drugs.Counterfeit drugs have a trend of higher level and more intelligence now, which proposea great challenge to the detection capability of drugs fast-screen technology. The patternsof counterfeit drugs are various, if they are divided into several levels, for which targetedsolutions are offered respectively, that will be of great benefit for fake drugs problems.According to the fake drugs’ forms often appear at home and abroad in recent years,counterfeits are divided by product families, manufacturers, batches descending atdifferent levels, and solutions are proposed one by one. Using carbohydrate tablets as atool drug, the product family levels of counterfeit drugs can be discriminated using avariety of clustering discriminant analysis, and the highest accuracy rate is up to93.75%.Using cephalexin capsules as a tool drug, a two-step discrimination method is established,of which the accurate was93.75%and the lowest false positive rate is10%, it can detectcounterfeit drugs of manufacturers level rapidly and accurately. Using acetaminophentablets as a tool drug in the batch-level, the accuracy of methods of libraries andclassification are up to97%and100%respectively.PartⅢ. Research of analysis methods for the toxic pharmaceutical excipients.Manufacturing technique of domestic pharmaceutical excipientsare not uniform. Someexcipients will be doping with a variety of toxic chemicals in the production andtransportation, these chemicals are potential dangers to people for they did not pass thepharmacological and toxicological test. According to the misuse and doping cases ofpharmaceutical excipients in reality, the simulation system was established and analyzedin qualitative and quantitative methods, the detection limitation of the three systems are12.20%,31.21%and4.78%respectively when the threshold of HQI was set as0.95。This project combines the advantages of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics in the fast-screen of drugs and excipients, which has a broad application prospect. Based onthe characteristics and performance of the various methods of chemometrics algorithms,they were classified and selected to establish a complete counterfeits identificationsystem and provides an integral solution for drugs fast-screen. Dividing the counterfeitdrugs into different levels, and searching the targeted solutions for different levels are ofgreat significance for the problem. In accordance with three levels of counterfeit drugsand a form of toxic excipients, we proposed effective detection methods in this project,which on the one hand can validate and improve the counterfeits analysis system, on theother hand can offer ways to work on the multi-levels and multi-types counterfeit drugs,and contribute to improve the ability and efficiency of fast-screen of drugs.