| Life depends on sport, more accurately, life depends on the science movement. To explore the effects of exercise training on the growth, antioxidative ability and immune function of the fish, two experiments(aerobic continuous training and anaerobic interval training) were conducted in the juvenile Spinibarbus sinensis, one of the commercial fish species in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River of China. In experiment I, the antioxidative and the immune function were examined after aerobic exercise training20hours daily for8weeks at a water velocities of control (0BL/S),1.0,2.0and4.0body length (BL)/S in juvenile S. Sinensis. In experiment II, the antioxidative and the immune indices were examined after exhaustive chasing training daily for21days in juvenile S. Sinensis. The objectives of this study are to (1) determine the optimal water velocity for improving the immune function in juvenile S. sinensis,(2) investigate the mechanism of exercise training on antioxidative ability and immune function in juvenile S. sinensis,(3) enrich related theory about the exercise immunology and exercise physiology of fish and (4) provide practical information for application of running water fish culture and fishery enhancement and release.The main results of present study as follows:aPart1:The aerobic continuous training(1) Aerobic exercise training(1.0BL/S,2.0BL/S,4.0BL/S) induced an increase in growth compared with the control group, while the weight specific growth rate, the length specific growth rate and the condition factor of the2.0BL/S group was significantly higher than that of the control group in juvenile S. sinensis (P<0.05).(2) Compared with the control group, the numbers of the white cells increased with the increasing water velocity, while only the4.0BL/S group was significantly increased(P<0.05). The ratio of the immune cells (lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil) increased in the trained group, the maximum values were in the1.0BL/S group.(3) The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and muscle increased with the increasing water velocity, while the activity of SOD in the serum offered upgrade firstly than descending latter tendency, the maximum values were in the water velocity of1.0BL/S. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the liver and muscle dropped in varying degrees, however the activity of CAT in the serum offered upgrade firstly than descending latter tendency. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the three tissues increased with the increasing water velocity.The content of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) increased in the trained group, the maximum values were in the water velocity of2.0BL/S,while the content of T-AOC in the serum of the trained group significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). Increased with the water velocity, the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) in the three tissues offered upgrade firstly than descending latter tendency, the minimum values were in the water velocity of2.0BL/S.(4) Compared with the control group, the content of the immunoglobulin M(Ig M) and complement3(C3) increased in the trained group, the activities of the lysozyme(LZM) dropped with no significant difference, the content of tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and cortisol offered upgrade firstly than descending latter tendency with the increasing water velocity, the group of4.0BL/S significantly increased(P<0.O5).Part2:The anaerobic interval training(1) After the exhaustive chasing training(group C:the control group without chasing training; group E1:exhaustive chasing training once a day; group E2:exhaustive chasing training twice a day), the body weight specific growth rate, the condition factor, and the hepatosomatic index decreased very significantly with increased training time (P<0.01).(2) The numbers of the white cells had on significant difference with that of the control group, while the numbers of the white cells in group E2greatly decreased by35.26%(P<0.05).(3) No significant differences were found in the effects of exhaustive chasing training on the activity of SOD either in liver or in serum, while the activity of SOD in the muscle increased. There were great differences between the trained group and the control group, the maximum values were in the group of E2. Only the activity of CAT in the liver of the group E1significantly increased(P<0.05), other tissues had no difference with the control(4) group. The exhaustive chasing training had no significantly effects on the levels of T-AOC in the liver and white muscle, while the level of T-AOC in the serum increased. The liver and white muscle of E2group had the highest MDA contents, higher than that of the control group and E1group, but on the contrary, the MDA contents in the serum of group E2had the lowest values.(5) There were great differences in the content of IL-1βpand TNF-abetween the group of E1and E2(P<0.05). The exhaustive chasing training had no significant effects on the content of Ig M and C3of the group E1, while that of group of E2significantly reduced(P<0.05). The activities of LZM in group of E1and E2were down4.2%and6.6%respectively. The levels of cortisol in trained group were higher than the control group, and the group E2significantly increased(P<0.05).The main conclusion as follows:(1) The anaerobic interval training could significantly inhibit the growth of juvenile S. Sinensis(the group E2was more significant), while the adequate aerobic continuous training(1.0BL/S,2.0BL/S) could improve the growth of juvenile S. Sinensis.(2) Both the anaerobic interval training and the aerobic continuous training induced adaption of the antioxidant enzyme system in the liver, white muscle and the serum, but the changing trends and activation thresholds of different antioxidant enzymes were different, what’s more, the changes of antioxidant enzymes had tissue specialty. Exhaustive chasing training once a day and the aerobic continuous training under the water velocities of1.0BL/S and2.0BL/S did not increase the level of oxidative stress, instead, had the trend of lower. Exhaustive chasing training twice a day and the4.0BL/S exercise training increased the level of the oxidative stress in the liver and white muscle.(3) Adequate exercise training could improve the immune parameters:the numbers of the immune cells and the contents of antibody and complement, regulate the expression of cytokines, and reduce the level of the oxidative stress and inflammation. On the contrary, strenuous exercise training(exhaustive chasing training twice a day and the4.0BL/S exercise training) increased the level of inflammation,and reduced the levels of the immune cells and immune molecules. In conclusion, the exercise training had double effects on the growth, the antioxidative and immune function of juvenile S. Sinensis. |
