Analyze On The Relative Factors Of Crayfish-induced Haff Disease

Haff disease, is unexplained rhabdomyolysis firstly reported at the Baltic coast in1924in a person who ate fish in the24hours before onset of illness. Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is an important aquatic product, while cases of crayfish-induced rhabdomyolysis have seriously affected the development of red swamp crayfish industry but its pathogenic implication still unclear. Thus, there is important and practical significance to analyze the contributions of crayfish-induced rhabdomyolysis. This study was conducted to confirm the possibility of Cyanobacteria, plants of genus Equisetum (Hippochaete ramosissimum and Equisetum debile) and heavy metals to crayfish-induced haff disease. We also aim to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment on crayfish-induced haff disease, to enrich and develop the related information about food safety issues of Red swamp crayfish, also to contribute to the maintenance of human health and the development of aquatic product. Testing was done in indoor conditions by using the individuals caught in the breeding ponds following physiological and immunological methodologies. The following results were obtained:1) The possibility of cyanobacteria causing crayfish-induced haff disease. The results showed that the mortality of crayfish fed by different concentrations of cyanobacteria was a little higher than that of the control group. Medium and low concentration of cyanobacteria increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in crayfish, while high concentration significantly reduced the activity of SOD. High concentration of cyanobacteria significantly increased the content of serum CK in ICR mice. High, medium and low concentrations of cyanobacteria all reduced the contents of Mb in mice serum, and high concentration of cyanobacteria decreased more significantly on the content of serum Mb in mice than that of medium and low concentrations of cyanobacteria. High and medium concentrations of cyanobacteria significantly increased the content of CK-MB in mice serum. High, medium and low concentrations of chloroform and aqueous extract from crayfish fed by cyanobacteria, increased the content of CK-MB in mice serum. Low concentration of chloroform extract and high concentration of aqueous extract both increased the content of serum CK in ICR mice. High, medium and low concentrations of chloroform extract, medium and low concentrations of aqueous extract both decreased the content of serum MB in ICR mice.2) The possibility of Hippochaete ramosissimum inducing haff disease in crayfish. The results showed that the mortality of crayfish fed by different proportion of Hippochaete ramosissimum was a little higher than that of the control group. The activity of serum phenoloxidase in red swamp crayfish was much lower. Hippochaete ramosissimum has dose-response on the activity of serum SOD in red swamp crayfish, with the increase of the proportion of Hippochaete ramosissimum, the activity of serum SOD in crayfish corresponding increased. Chloroform and aqueous extract of Hippochaete ramosissimum both significantly reduced the contents of CK, Mb in mice serum, aqueous extract of Hippochaete ramosissimum significantly reduced the content of CK-MB in mice serum. Chloroform and aqueous extract from crayfish fed by high proportion of Hippochaete ramosissimum both significantly increased the contents of serum CK in mice, and the contents of serum CK-MB in treatment group was much higher than in the control group. Chloroform extract from crayfish fed by medium and low proportion of Hippochaete ramosissimum, aqueous extract from crayfish fed by different proportion of Hippochaete ramosissimum both significantly decreased the contents of serum MB in mice.3) The possibility of Equisetum debile for inducing the haff disease. The results showed that the mortality of crayfish fed by different proportion of Equisetum debile was a little higher than that of the control group and the activity of serum SOD in red swamp crayfish was much higher. Chloroform and aqueous extract of Equisetum debile both significantly reduced the contents of serum Mb in mice. aqueous extract significantly reduced the contents of serum CK in mice, chloroform extract significantly reduced the content of serum CK-MB in mice. Chloroform and aqueous extract of crayfish fed by different proportion of Equisetum debile both significantly increased the content of CK and decreased the content of MB in mice serum. Chloroform extract of crayfish fed by high and low proportion of Equisetum debile, aqueous extract of crayfish fed by different proportion of Equisetum debile both significantly increased the content of serum CK-MB in ICR mice.4) The possibility of heavy metals for inducing the haff disease. The results showed that groups ingested by chloroform extract of crayfish contained with high and medium concentration of heavy metals had the higher content of serum CK in mice than the control group. The content of serum Mb in all concentration groups ingested chloroform extract of crayfish was significantly lower than in control group. Aqueous extract in each concentration group of heavy metals reduced the content of serum Mb, but increased the content of CK-MB in mice serum.In conclusion, cyanobacteria and plants of genus Equisetum would reduce the immune activity of crayfish, to some extent, is one of the factors of crayfish-induced haff disease. Although cyanobacteria, plants in genus of Equisetum and heavy metal will increase the content of CK and CK-MB in ICR mice serum, the increased activity of creatine kinase was not high enough to induce the symptom of haff disease, ICR mice did not emerge the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis syndrome. All these illustrate that cyanobacteria, plants in genus of Equisetum and heavy metals are not the main factors of crayfish-induced haff disease.