| The study, consisting of a rice experiment and a wheat experiment, was conducted in two ecological regions, i.e. Yizheng (a region along Yangtze River) and Suining (a region to the north of Huaihe River) during two rice growing seasons from2009-2010and three wheat growing seasons from2008-2010. The study was arranged in a randomized block design. The effects of different nutrient management models on grain yield and quality, population quality, and nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice and wheat were studied to seek technical approaches for obtaining high grain yield and high fertilizer utilization efficiency. The main results were as follows:1. High efficiency nutrient management (HE) of wheat was suitable to be extended in Yizheng and Suining due to its low investment and high benefit. The main indexes of HE mainly included:(1) a sowing rate of120kg·hm-2;(2) a row spacing of25cm;(3) nitrogen application amount at210kg·hm-2at the ratio of7:1:2:0at the growth stages of basal, tillering, elongation, and booting; and (4) both phosphate and potassium application amount at84kg·hm-2at the ratio of5:5at the growth stages of basal and tillering.In the model of high yield and high efficiency management (HYHE2) of wheat, grain yield and quality and the fertilizer utilization efficiency were taken into full consideration. The main indexes of this model included:(1) a sowing rate of120kg·hm-2;(2) a row spacing of25cm;(3) nitrogen application amount at240kg·hm-2at the ratio of7:1:2:0at the growth stages of basal, tillering, elongation, and booting;(4) phosphate and potassium application amount both at120 kg·hm-2at the ratio of5:5at the growth stages of basal and tillering;(5) zinc sulfate application at15kg·hm-2as basal fertilizer; and (6) the foliage spray of1%dihydric phosphate and; and (6) organic fertilizer application amount at3000kg·hm-2High effective nutrient management (HE) of rice was suitable to be extended in large scale in Yizheng and Suining due to the characteristics of low investment and high benefit. The main indexes of this model mainly included:(1) transplanting density at28.65×104hill·hm-2;(2) a row and line spacing of25×14cm;(3) nitrogen application amount at240kg·hm-2with a ratio of3:1:3:3at the growth stages of basal, tillering, floral initiation, and booting; and (4) phosphate application amounts at75kg·hm-2at transplantation and potassium amount at50kg·hm-2at the ratio of5:5at elongation stageIn the model of high yield and high efficiency management (HYHE1) of rice, grain yield and quality and fertilizer utilization efficiency were harmonized. The main indexes of this model included:(1) a transplanting density of28.65×104hill·hm-2;(2) a row and line spacing of25×14cm;(3) nitrogen application amount at320kg·hm-2with a ratio of4:4:4:4at the growth stages of basal, tillering, floral initiation, and booting; and (4) phosphate application amounts at90kg·hm-2at transplantation and potassium amount at80kg·hm-2at the ratio of5:5at elongation stage; and (5) zinc sulfate application at66kg·hm-2as basal fertilizer; and (6) organic fertilizer application amount at1800kg·hm-2.2.The rice, wheat and annual grain yield of HYHE were significantly higher than those of FFP. The yield of wheat grain yield was higher than6300kg·hm-2in Yizheng and higher than7700kg·hm-2in Suining. The optimized nutrient operation increased nitrogen productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency both in Yizheng and Suining. Grain protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, and moisture content in the treatment of HYHE in Yizheng and Suining met the demands of national standards of high-quality weak and strong gluten wheat respectively.The rice grain yield was higher than8700kg·hm-2in Yizheng and higher than8900kg·hm-2in Suining. The optimized nutrient operation increased nitrogen productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency both in Yizheng and Suining. The percentage of brown rice, milled rice and head rice, gel consistency, grain protein content, chalky grain percentage, chalkiness, amylose content in the treatment of HYHE in Yizheng and Suining met the demands of national standard of high-quality rice.3. The treatments of HYHE in wheat increased the rate of tillers, LAI, the number of kernel per spike, the weight of1000kernels, the dry matter production after anthesis, and the economic index of wheat. In Yizheng, the number of spike was441-466million·hm-2; the number of kernel per spike was37-39; the weight of1000kernels was about39g; the rate of tillers was above40%; the maximum LAI was6.2-6.6, the dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis was5600-5900kg·hm-2and the economic index was higher than0.4. In Suining, the number of spikes was518-581million·hm-2; the number of kernel per spike was38-39; the weight of1000kernels was about40g; the rate of tillers was above41%; the maximum LAI was7.2-7.7; the dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis was6700-7600kg·hm-2; and the economic index was higher than0.4.The treatments of HYHE in rice increased the seed setting rate, the rate of tillers, LAI, the number of kernel per spike, the weight of1000kernels, the dry matter production after anthesis, and the economic index of rice In Yizheng, the number of spikes was330-360million·hm-2; the number of kernel per spike was about130; the seed setting rate was above80%; the weight of1000kernels was above26g; the rate of tillers was above87%; the maximum LAI was about7.3, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis was7000-7700kg·hm-2and the economic index was above0.5.In Suining, the number of spikes was about260million·hm-2; the number of kernel per spike was128-141; the seed setting rate was above86%; the weight of1000kernels was above30g; the rate of tillers was above78%; the maximum LAI was about7.3; dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis was7100-7200kg·hm-2and the economic index was above0.53.4. Under the conditions of this study, the annual grain yield of HYHE in Yizheng and Suining was above16000kg·hm-2and17000kg·hm-2, respectively. The annual nitrogen productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, the ratio of output to input, and the economic benefit of HYHE in both Yizheng and Suining were increased. Consequently, the adoption of the best nutrient management practice in Jiangsu Province could reduce nitrogen fertilizer application and improve the yield and nitrogen efficiency in both wheat and rice. |
