| According to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of our state and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, there are three large coal bases being constructed including Hulun Buir’s nowadays. Even though large-scale mining coal promotes economic development of Inner Mongolia to some degree, it have caused environmental problems which can not be ignored in mining waste heaps, land resources destruction, water pollution and air pollution. Meanwhile, as a large part of Inner Mongolia is located in the desert steppes and typical steppes, the development of mineral resources is bound to generate a strong disturbance on grassland ecosystem, which makes structure and function of mining area ecosystem damaged severely. Thus, the sustainable development of Inner Mongolia economy will be restricted.However, in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development, we should ensure integrity of local natural ecosystem structure so that it can maintain degree of ecological imbalance adjustment and restoration of self function on the small range of failure. Therefore, it is taken seriously to assess vulnerability steppe and mine area in it of ecological risk and reflect changes of value of ecosystem services. Although there are some researches for Inner Mongolia steppe ecological damages caused by mining of coal resources and ecosystem response problems, but studies for ecological risk of mining coal resources are shortage. In this study, we focus on Yi’min open-pit mining area in Hulun Buir Grassland. We use two softwares of ARCGIS and FRAGSTATS to analyze changes of development for land using due to mining mineral resources, and impacts of landscape patterns and ecosystem service values, assess the ecological risk and put forward corresponding countermeasures through interpreting the TM remote sensing data of this region in1975,1990and2010. The results will provide evidences for protection of ecological environment under exploiting coal resources in grassland areas. The results are following:a. We analyze land use from1975to2010by building transfer matrixes from three aspects, i.e. changes of land-use area, space and time. The studies show that (1) areas of grassland area decreased from464.64km2in1975to396.20km2in2010, and most land transfers into residential and industrial land;(2) the degree of dynamic changes of grasslands between1990and2010is12times as than from1975to1990;(3) the degree of changes of land structure was4.48and the rate of usage changes of land was66.75%during the period between1975and1990, however, the figures are increased to26.41and71.29%respectively form1990to2010. Therefore, the changes of land use in Yi’min Coal Mine area is very large.b. Through analyzing landscape pattern, the paper shows that the effect of mineral resource development activities,(1) patch types tend to be distributed evenly, and a number of patches are increasing;(2) with the degree of landscape fragmentation increasing, dominance index of landscape patch are decreasing.c. We find that the risk index of ecological landscape raised between1975and1990, but it slightly fell from1990to2010. Nevertheless, this data in2010was still higher than exploit Yimin Coal Mine. From the view of a single type of landscape, ecological risk index of grassland is the largest. In addition to water area, the index of other landscape types all showed an upward trend in Yi’min.d. The study computes the value of ecosystem service according to land use types during35-years from1975to2010in Yi’min. The results show that the value of ecosystem services in2010was lower than that in1975by4288.63×104￥. At first, increasing industrial and residential land results in the value of ecosystem service decreased. Moreover, contributions of water area and grassland to ecosystem service value are declining during the study period. The contribution rate of grassland ecosystem services for ecosystem service value is more than95%in all types of landscape. |
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