Crisis Planning And Emergency Response In U.S. School

In recent years, natural disasters, terrorist incidents and armed conflicts occur frequently in the global, and seriously affect the normal operation of the education system. Therefore, education in emergency were included in the scope of education research and become one of the focus fields of education system. International organizations, countries are beginning to attention the studies and practices of the school crisis prevention and response,"School Crisis Response" came into being. So far, however, China is not forming the system of crisis response in school, but the fact that establish the school crisis response system is plays an important role to protect the school safety. Thus, both in theory and practice on school crisis response are necessary in our county. In the1950s, the U.S. began to focus on school crisis response. U.S. Department of Education and States develop a series school crisis response planning, and with some guidelines. Through a long period of practice and examination, these plans and action framework becoming an integrated school crisis response planning. This paper attempts to sum up the experience and lessons from the U.S. school crisis response planning by describe and analysis the planning, in order to enrich our research on school crisis response.The paper consists of seven parts:Firstly is introduction, introduce the reason and the significance of the topic, combing and synthesis the related literature, define the core concepts, clarify the content structure, the thinking of research and methods of the study.The first body part discusses the background of the U.S. school crisis response, from the international and domestic background of the U.S. to introduce it.The second part discusses the the management and organizational structure of the U.S. school crisis response. From the vertical and the horizontal two aspects to described, in which the vertical structure of the organization is Federal-State-County-School District/School, the horizontal linkage is multi-agent coordination and command systems, mainly introduced the National Incident Management System and the Incident Command System and School.The third part discuss discusses the main strategy of the U.S. school crisis response planning. Currently, the U.S. school crisis response divides into four strategies: mitigation/prevention, preparedness, response and recovery. According to the different stages of the crisis, the crisis response focusing on and key actions is different:the key actions of crisis mitigation and prevention phase is assess, crisis preparedness phase’s key actions are development and integration the emergency resources, crisis response phase’s key actions are promptly to relief work, crisis recovery phase’s key actions are combine the accelerate recovery and to develop a long-term recovery plans. Finally, consider the U.S. school crisis response with the feature of comprehensive and procedural.The forth part is case study, takes Marin County, California, U.S. as an example, and discusses the management system and the response strategies how to implement in school districts and schools, from the Marin County school crisis management system, operational readiness and action plan to analysis the specific practices implemented in Marin County School, dissect the applicability of the U.S. school crisis response planning from the micro-level.The fifth part is assessment part. According to the standard frame of the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, from community participation and coordination, equal access and learning environment protection, teaching and learning activities running and teachers and other education personnel’s support and supervision, education policy formulation and implementation four major aspects and several sub-aspects assessed the U.S. school crisis response planning, the conclusion is U.S. school crisis response planning is consistent with the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies.The last part is epilogue, summed up the U.S. school crisis response planning with "comprehensive" and "procedural" concept. Accordingly, this paper makes a simple thinking for three aspects:establish the school permanent emergency agency, expanding participation in the school crisis response and formulate plans for school crisis response.