| For Professor Yu Ying-shih, the rise of the Han school of classical philology in Ch’ing dynasty is means that the form of Confucian classics studies turns honoring morality to inquiry and pursuit of knowledge. In fact, Prof. Yu’s measure is that fix honoring morality to Song scholars’way which is be used to cultivated someone’s mind, and neglect the difference between Han scholars’textual research and pursuits of knowledge for Confucian classics. Furthermore, he defined honoring morality as intellectualism, and defined pursuit of knowledge as anti-intellectualism. The ideal of formal logic is used to history studies maybe very handily; however, there will be far away from the reality of history. Therefore, in this thesis, I will try to discuss the learning of Kang Yu-wei and Chang Te-yi for clarifying the fact that "Honors Virtuous Nature, and Maintains Constant Inquiry and Study" is a credendum for any Confucian classical philologists. Furthermore, the credendum was a very important part of "Heritage Classic for Practical Purpose", because of the traditional Confucian ideology of Sage inside, Monarch outside. In traditional Chinese history, the relation of honors virtuous nature and classics studies is so fixed that we shouldn’t regard them as two unconnected things. The purpose of classics studies is honoring morality. There is a more important thing is that meanings of morality and study always changed along with transformations of forms of Confucian classics studies in Chinese history. Undoubtedly, how to maintain vigor of the archaic classics? Confucian classical philologists had to change meanings of morality and study to solve the puzzle. Namely, objects were referenced by terms that "Honors Virtuous Nature" and "Maintains Constant Inquiry and Study" were constantly changed in Ch’ing dynasty. History studies are for explaining phenomena of human society which change and fluctuate of all times. The credendum of "perpetuation" or "eternity" shouldn’t be paid attention by historians. In this thesis, I will try to clarify that the Han school of classical philology in Ch’ing dynasty that initiated by Ku Yi-woo and others is for honoring Virtuous nature. But the gap between archaic ceremonies which recorded in the Six Classics and status quo is so broad that hard to be narrowed by anyone. Because of the gap, inquiry and study to the Six Classics is too hard to accomplish the purpose of honors Virtuous nature. In other words, the credendum of "Honors Virtuous Nature, and Maintains Constant Inquiry and Study" is very difficult to be reality. The challenge would be faced by every Confucian classical philologist in late-Ch’ing, however, is that how to maintain availability of the Six Classics for practical purpose in the tide of modernization. To face the challenge, Confucian classical philologists choose the way that transforms the form of Confucian classics studies. But their efforts result in the end of Confucian classics studies. Moreover, the transformation of forms of Confucian classics studies in every time may be regarded as a movement of standardizing classics explaining. And the primary object of classics study and inquiry------in other words, the central classic------also would be changed along with the transformation of forms of Confucian classics studies. For example, the Doctrine of the Mean is the central classic for the Song school of classical philology; the I-li is the central classic for the Han school of classical philology; the Kung-yang is the central classic for the Jin-wen school of classical philology.In this thesis, as great Confucian classical philologists, but also last Confucian classical philologists, Kang Yu-wei and Chang Te-yi will be objects of case study, for clarifying the transformation of meanings of morality and study for scholars in late-Ch’ing. Base on this point, I will discuss the question that how Confucian classics studies go to end.In the Chapter one, as cases, Chang She-cheng and Fang Tung-shu will be discussed for discovering crisis of the Han school of classical philology in Ch’ing dynasty. What challenges to Han scholars in Ch’ing dynasty was made by Chang and Fang? I will answer the question in this part of the thesis.In the Chapter two, as the heterodoxy of Han school of classical philology, Jin-wen school was arisen in late-Ch’ing. But what measures were chosen by Jin-wen scholars to face these challenges? The purpose of this part is answering the question. In this part, as a case study, Kang Yu-wei will be discussed.In the Chapter three, as a case, Chang Te-yi will be studied specially. By this way, I will discover something what measures were chosen by Han scholars to face these challenges. The connection between Chang Te-yi’s classics explaining and his nationalism will be discussed in this part.In the Chapter four, I will try to discover the process that Confucian classics studies go to end. And I will try to answer this question------why Kang and Chang’s efforts lead to the end of Confucian classics studies. In the last Chapter, I will clarify that no contents of academic category is unchanged in history. |
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