In 1949-1956 China's Agricultural Cooperative Research

Agriculture is the foundation of our national economy is a national self-relianceand social stability of the foundation.1950s, the agricultural co-operative movementis a profound change in China’s rural society, the successful implementation of thesmall private economy to a socialist collective economy changes. This historicalprocess has its own fatal flaws, but its occurrence conditions and goals, lessonslearned and historical status of the current socio-economic development of theimportant historical significance.Agricultural co-operative movement since the early founding of new China, it isbased on mutual cooperation in the liberated areas to develop. Land reform, althoughthe farmers access to land, economic status increased, the tendency of middle peasantsthere, but some farmers are still poor living in rural areas of the general lack ofproduction. To solve the farmers’ common labor, Charge, production shortfalls,mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers in rural areas, the establishment of a variety ofmutual aid. Excellent mutual aid through the demonstration effect, and mutual aidconstantly add new content, so that agricultural production be greatly improved, thestate strongly support the mutual aid, mutual aid to promote the rapid development ofnational liberation.1949to1952is to carry out the initial stage of mutual aid. Mutual aid is based onprivate ownership of individual farmers, voluntary, self-organized formation of aloose labor Mutual Aid Organization. It is the abolition of the feudal landlords andland ownership at the same time built up of individual farmers on the land and otherproduction data of individual ownership, farmers in the production process of mutualaid and reciprocal information exchange part of the production does not involvechanges in ownership relations. This mutual assistance and cooperation to make upthe labor gap, and do farm work in the right season, mutual aid farmers to join theeconomic utility are improved. Thus, a positive response from the farmers go it aloneinto the labor mutual aid.The first half of1953to1955, is the primary stage of development ofagricultural production cooperatives. Labor mutual aid to the transformation ofprimary agricultural production cooperatives, mainly due to the subjective ideologicalMarxist-Leninist Communist Party of China will be introduced to the idea ofco-operative type of agricultural co-operative movement among the Chinese, and used to guide their practice. To the central leadership represented by Mao Zedong thatagricultural cooperatives is not only small-scale production is superior than individualfarmers, but also small-feasible way to transition to socialism, he criticized the mutualaid and collective farms can not grow into private ownership at this stage can notshake the view. Mao Zedong’s consciousness to become the party’s mainstreamconsciousness, he must determine the preferences of co-operative co-operativemovement’s development. Objective is due to the national economy in1953is thefirst year to carry out large-scale construction, industrial use of grain than in the pastto increase; industrial and urban population of the rapid increase in demand for foodincreases; the same time, land reform has improved their living standards afterfarmers on food consumption than in the past increased. On the one hand, the totaldemand for food rose suddenly, on the other hand, while in rural areas to increasefood production but decreased the amount of the acquisition. To solve the food crisisin the purchase and sale, purchase and sale of national implementation of the policy,in order to ensure low-cost acquisition of agricultural products, the state monopoly,forced to cancel the free market of agricultural products. In order to ensure thepurchase and sale of low-cost policy, farmers are still able resources into the country’sindustrialization and the construction of the required agricultural production,co-operatives is the best way to force the country to direct administrative control ofagricultural production. The second half of1955, China launched a rural agriculturalco-operation of the climax.Land shares, unified management is the primary agency of the basic features.Although this stage, countries do not get the farmers’ compliance agreement ’, butforced to take command of the way that farmers join a company, re-use of thecooperative form of organization that the rural economy, to lower transaction costs,access to a large number of farmers’ economic surplus support the development ofheavy industry, thus greatly reducing the farmers should receive the level of economicwelfare. However, with the other major means of production land outside theownership of the farmers, can join a company after the production quality and thequantity and quality have different compensation benefits. On this basis, householdpersonal income consists of two parts, namely, ownership of the land from the landcompensation and income from labor remuneration. This property and the distributionsystem, not only to take care of the household ownership of land ownership andaccess to benefits, but also reflects the differences in the labor income gap, in fact, the economic behavior of households have a positive incentive effect. Thus, whileprimary production cooperatives, farmers’ economic utility decline, but compared togoing it alone, or beneficial.In1956, ushered in the agricultural co-operation of the second peak, the rapiddevelopment of agricultural production and high-level agency.Compared withelementary, high-level agency of the greatly increased level of public ownership,farmers join a company must be privately owned land, farm animals and large farmimplements and other major means of production into collective cooperatives,retaining only determined by population plots, forming a shared cooperative form ofownership; and co-operation of a unified, collective labor, and implementation of acomprehensive distribution according to work, that is, income net of tax co-operatives,production costs, provident fund and the Community Chest, and the rest in kind andcash are allocated according to the average working day,"more labor more ", thisdistribution was out of the productivity level of development, can not truly reflect thefair and equitable. As a result, choose to join high society of agricultural production,farmers will make the individual ownership of land, direct possession, autonomousright to use the exclusive right of return are lost, the economic utility of farmersdeclined, largely in traditional agriculture to the level of the rural areas and farmers,senior community is unacceptable. Distribution before and after harvest in1956, haveemerged in many parts of the country pull the cattle back social phenomenon, for thisphenomenon, the government quickly adjust the production of agriculturalcooperatives, the scope of public ownership, and mode of operation is done and amore substantial adjustments.Chapter VI of the paper, with the economics of the Slutsky effect on thecharacteristics of the various stages of cooperatives analyzed, Slutsky economics, theinterests of and selection into the retirement community’s attitude from farmers invarious stages of the cooperativeseffect reaction. Explain the reason of changing theeconomics of farmers join a company attitude.This final chapter is a summary and some of enlightenment.The agriculturalco-operative movement in the1950s, the theory, principles, and systems, managementexperience, co-operation of China’s socialist construction today has an importantreference.