Study On The Management System And Mechanism Of Nature Reserve In China From The Perspective Of Economics

The management achievement of nature reserves has fundamental impacts on national ecological security and sustainable development. However, there are some common problems existing in China currently which can be summed up into three aspects——"the efficiency of nature conservation can not be improved significantly, the natural reserve’s multifunction can not be full played, the development of surrounding communities is backward". This paper applied a series of economic theories to analysis the deep-seated causes of these problems from the perspective of management system and mechanism, and put forward some solutions combined with the situation of our country.The study shows that the management organizations, surrounding communities, different level of governments, profit and non-profit social forces, interested public and media groups are all stakeholders in the management of nature reserves. However, because of the current management system and mechanism, these stakeholders are different in motivations and strength when participating the management of nature reserves. The powerless of organizations in management, the disturbance from surrounding communities, the predicament of social forces to participate management activities have become common phenomenon. Basically, the inefficient managing unit mechanism is the main institutional factor of above-mentioned problems. According to the slave theory of regulation economics, motivated by economic interests, different stakeholders will "conspire" to cope with higher-level government or the government at the same level. Whereas, the nominal graded administration and the inconsistency of business power and financial power have caused the nature reserve managers be "captured" by communities and companies, and prompted them to destroy the nature ecosystem for financial gain; the defective finance mechanism is the direct cause of these problems. Under the circumstances of lacking of financial sources and irrational allocation of funds, the surrounding communities have not got due compensation, and the phenomenon of "zero-sum game" as well as conflict between conservation and development have therefore appeared, which have strongly influenced the protection performance. The inefficient managing unit mechanism and defective finance mechanism have also lead to the imperfect public participation mechanism, which has increased the difficulties in managing nature reserves, and made the administrations even more powerless.Considering the financial constraint will exist for a long time in China, in addition to increase the central government’s input and encourage the public to participate in the management of nature reserves, the main emphasis at present should be laid on the improvement of efficiency of limited funds, including the reform of managing unit mechanism and the adjustment of usage of eco-compensation funds.According to the theory of "Goods’property and value determine their supply mode" and "The market scale determine pattern of specialization", it is suitable to establish a managing unit mechanism with the principle of "classified management" and "joint managed by state and private sectors". On one hand, the nature reserves should be classified according to the importance and scarcity of nature resources, and the responsibility of governments and profit organizations should be made clear of based on the classification; on the other hand, the activities be carried out in nature reserves should be classified according to their impacts on environment, and the spatial extension and business scope of profit organizations should be determined too. By applying such a classification System, the central government’s administration resources can be optimized, besides, the function of social forces can be fully played tooFinancial incentive is considered as an effective way to adjust the usage of eco-compensation funds. The study shows that residents in communities will protect the ecosystem consciously by using the compensation funds to upgrade their industrial structure which is helpful to gain more long-term incomes, and by increasing the opportunity cost of ecological damage.By applying afore-mentioned measures, the management system and mechanism of nature reserve can be improved, which is essential to promote the nature reserves in sound and rapid development.