Lunar Surface Material Information Extraction From Visible And Near-Infrared Remote Sensing

Visible and near-infrared spectral properties of lunar material are an important means tounderstand the composition and structure of lunar rocks and minerals. According to mineralabsorption features in the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, we can derive the lunarsurface material, identify key elements and minerals, such as FeO, TiO₂, plagioclase,pyroxene. And the data is used in the explanation of the causes and evolution of the lunargeologic units, which has achieved many significant results.First of all, this paper describes the content of the formation and evolution of minerals inthe magma ocean hypothesis. And then it summarizes major lunar material-the lunar soil,glass material and breccia, which has undergone hundreds of millions of years of evolution.The spectral characteristics of lunar minerals are the basis of the application of lunar remotesensing, the paper analyzes visible and near-infrared spectral features of the principal lunarminerals （such as plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, etc.）, especially the characteristicparameters and causes of the absorption peak. Factors of mineral spectra include mineralmixed, effects of space weathering, effects of mineral particles and so on. Among them, theremoval of the effects of space weathering is an important part of the spectral analysis andmineral extraction.Furthermore, the impact crater is an important window for fresh lunar regolith material,which can expose the deep substance of the lunar crust. Aristarchus region has a complex anddiverse geological background, and has become one of the key areas of the lunar geologicalstudies. The latest available high-resolution and hyperspectral data provides new possibilitiesfor comprehensive study of Aristarchus. In this paper, the spectral analysis methods, theband ratio methods, color synthetic methods, principal component analysis and unsupervisedclassification methods are used for the analysis of the Aristarchus region’s minerals andgeological characteristics and the description of the classification of geological units.There is high reflectivity in the Aristarchus crater central peak, and its spectra lackobvious absorption characteristics of the mafic minerals. These all indicate that it probablyderived from the anorthositic material of the lunar crust. Olivine-rich regions exist in thesoutheast of Aristarchus crater, which have a close relation with impact melts. Olivine maybe the product of re-melting, distribution, cooling and crystallization of basalt which comefrom Oceanus Procellarum around because of impact effects. The spectra of olivine aredecomposed into more than one absorption band parameters by the modified Gaussian model（MGM）. The relationship between these parameters and mineral composition suggests that there may be high calcium pyroxene or chrome except olivine.Finally, this paper analyzes thorium enrichment characteristics and formationmechanism in the South Pole-Aitken basin （SPA）. It is generally believed that thorium inImbrium-Procellarum is derived from the KREEP layer underlying crust by Imbrium impact,but there are various explanations for the origin of thorium in SPA. Through the analysis ofthe geomorphology of SPA, basin structure, the distribution of craters, volcanism,geochemical characteristics, and the discussion of thorium enrichment mechanisms, thispaper argues that it is more likely that in SPA basin elevated thorium abundances stem fromthorium-rich lower crustal materials exposed by the SPA impact event and there is anintimate relation between curve pattern of thorium enrichment and basin structure with aprobable impact of Apollo basin formation.