| Husserl's theory of "transcendental ego", inheriting and developing Descartes' and Kant's "self-consciousness" theory, is based on critique to "thinking ego" and "transcendental apperception". Transcendental ego not only absorbed the internality of "thinking ego" and the apriority of "transcendental apperception", but also got into pure consciousness by transcendental reduction. So Husserl took it for granted that "transcendental ego" was provided by apodictic evidence.Apodictic evidence, requesting absolute self-givenness, not only based on the evidence of expatiation but also the evidence of the way of expatiation. Studying of "transcendental ego", we can see it has been trapped in solipsism, which involves problems of self-reflecting and inter-subjectivity. These problems make the apodictic evidence of transcendental ego doubtful.The development course of "self-consciousness" form "thinking ego" and "transcendental apperception" to "transcendental ego" is a foundational route in epistemology. The position and essence of foundationalism lead "transcendental ego" into solipsism. As Knowledge Science is not solipsism, "transcendental ego" must breakthrough itself and shape knowledge about the world, and then it can be regarded as the foundation of epistemology. But in the request of apodictic evidence, any endeavor of "transcendental ego" can not be effectual.The solipsism of "transcendental ego" indicates that the "self-consciousness" theory has been to the acme and the end of single rationality Age. Husserl's concept of "Life World" gives us a new viewpoint to overcome the solipsism, but it has to face the attack from nihilism and relativism. In fact, multi-rationality from "Life World" not always brings on nihilism and relativism. The holistic various and canonical "Life World" provides us with coherence and rules. Thus, knowledge science is the knowledge about "Life World", and "Life World" is the basic of knowledge science.It's a hard work to find the basic of epistemology for knowledge science. We have received a lot of courage from many philosophers in history. Modern language analytical philosophy contributes to overcome the solipsism of "transcendental ego", which provides us with a possibility of an alteration of "transcendental ego". Language analytical philosophy does not negate the being of language subject, so it is possible to regard "transcendental ego" as the transcendental being of language subjects, so that it is possible to regard intentionality action as language action, and it is possible to regard language as the bridge among subjects. So, we can call this inter-subjective world a "Language World". It is not only possible to found a language world, but also a practice for "Life World". Language World overcomes the solipsism which is brought on by single rationality, and inter-subjectivity principle and inter-subjective ethic compose the knowledge science in the language world. However, the design of "Language World" needs more exploration in practice. |
