Research Of New Drugs Of The Amphetamine-type Evidence Perspective

Since the Reform and Opening up in China, the situation of drug-banding has become more seriously, owing to the drugs abroad invading into our country have become more and more deeply. Especially as the techniques develop continuously, more and more means of producing or selling drugs come out, so do the variety of drugs. In the light of the data in the relative written materials, the trend of the traditional drug abuse, such as opium, morphine, heroin, etc, at present is descending, but the one of some new chemical combined drug abuse is ascending. The new-type drug abuse in china now can be found mainly at danceries, saloons and internet bar, etc, and the scope is also widened.To investigate and verify the new-type drugs related cases, and to detect the new-type drug addict, it is one of the most useful means to use the techniques of drug analysis. However, at present, though the researches on the said techniques are widely conducted, there are few results being systemic coordinated.After consulting a great deal of representative and excellence literatures, this paper makes a comprehensive and systematic study and an integrate research system on the amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in a view of physical evidence by use the means of comparative studies, historical research, empirical research and scientific experiments and so on.There are four parts in this paper. The first part is mainly about the summarize of the ATS related substances, including their structure and physical or chemical features. Judging from the inner structure, the ATS are similar, and so in their toxicological effects. From the perspective of toxicological effects , ATS can be divided into four categories: the stimulate type, the hallucinogen type, the mixed type and the appetite suppression type. Each types has its typical representative compounds.The second part mainly discusses the perspective of ATS abuse. The patterns of ATS use are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) into instrumental use, recreational use and chronic use, and each pattern has a growing trend. Taking a look at the domestic situation in China, it is still not optimistic in the abuse of ATS. Focusing on this, the writer advised that it is necessary to test the use of various means, to increase the sensitivity of various tests, and to make the identification of the case involved ATS abuse more effective.The third part of this paper focuses on the microcosmic point of view of amphetamine-type stimulants abuse on the human toxicological effects. There are mainly two kinds of toxicological effects, the nervous system toxicity, and the peripheral organ toxicity. ATS on the human nervous system toxicity mainly affects brain neurotransmitters' storage, releasing and uptaking, or even replace them into nerve cells and affect them, resulting in a certain excitement, hallucinogens, and other symptoms of abnormal neural response. The ATS on human peripheral organ toxicity manifested mainly to the liver, heart, brain and other organs from the emergence of various symptoms of poisoning. ATS supplies will be not only the toxicity of the above, and some metabolites may have symptoms of poisoning. Researching on these symptoms, the identification of ATS also can provide valuable clues.The final part of this research focuses on the modem ATS evidence analysis technologies. These technologies related to the various stages of ATS analysis, whether to the preliminary screening, or the quantitative or qualitative analysis, are all different from other drug-testing as a unique method. Specifically speaking, the ATS test evidence can be divided into the following stages, such as the samples selected stage, the pretreatment stage and the qualitative and quantitative testing stage.In the stage of samples selected, this paper describes the use of detection of biological samples including urine, blood, sweat, saliva and hair samples selected in the main current countries and each kind has various advantages and disadvantages. So far, urine detection of prohibited drugs is the main choice of means, and also the preferred system of screening samples. The advantages of the urine detection are the concentration of metabolites, high detection sensitivity, but the main shortcomings are tend to be interferenced and cannot take accurate determination in time and so on. Contrary to urine, sweat can be detected within a specified time of a wider range of drugs, not invasive sampling, and facilitate easy, but it requires very sensitive detection equipment, with which only a few laboratories can detect at present. Although the sampling is simple in the saliva test, the existing equipment is often less than the actual value of the necessary sensitivity. Comparison of the three samples, hair has a longest detection window, but there are still many problems in the current hair tests. The main method is lack of consistency and a uniform standard. The author advises that in the ATS testing, the samples of urine and blood should be chosen at first, and sweat, saliva and hair can also be selected as substitute.The stage of sample's pre-treatment is aiming to initially isolate the samples to be identified from those not to be identified, therefore make them more detectable. As far as the Amphetamine-type stimulants, with the means of preprocess such as the acerbic hydrolysis, the alkaline hydrolysis and the enzymatic hydrolysis, will be seized material from the sulfuric acid and protein or a combination of such substances in dissociating out. Then, with a variety of extraction technology, the concentration of the seizure can be further advanced. In addition, a technology named derivatization, under certain conditions, is use to make the seized drugs react with special reagents so as to be more conducive to the formation of HPLC separation and detection methods derivatives.There are four main analytical methods for ATS detection and identification, which are physical and chemical analyses in color, immunoassay, animal experiments and equipment analysis. The first three methods of analysis can only be played on the ATS initial screening, or qualitative testing, because the test results are not accurate. Especially in the samples in vivo, the traditional analyses do not achieve certain sensitivity and accuracy. Therefore, to make the quantitative analysis more accurate, we must use certain professional chemical analysis apparatus, must be used such as gas chromatography (GC), GC-MS (GC / MS), HPLC, and so on. The GC has high sensitivity, high selectivity and is good with a wide variety of detector used, and is often used to combine with nitrogen and phosphorus detector (NPD), or mass spectrometry (MS).Finally, the significant of the research on amphetamine-type stimulants is discussed under the view of physical evidence in the administration of judicial practice. ATS on the examination and analysis of evidence for investigating can not only provide more scientific basis, narrow the scope of reconnaissance, but also the conviction and sentencing of the role that can not be overlooked. In addition, there is also an important purpose on this paper, which is, through the research of ATS, pointing out its serious harm for people, and better preventing and controlling the drug-related crime in providing a new frame of reference.