End Of The Qing Dynasty And Early Republic Of China Manchu Relations

The relation between Manchu and Han is an important content of ethnic relations and the adjustment ethnic policies in Qing dynasty even the modern time. As an important variable, it had an deep effect on the modernism of China and the course to build a nation-state. The destruction of Qing began with the corruption of Manchu nobles and the rise of Han, moreover, revolutionists who buried tomes for thousands of feudalization just flag a anti-Manchu banner to devote themselves to bourgeois-national- democratic revolution. The adjustment and change of Manchu-han relation in all periods in the modern history could reflect the profound transformation of politics and society. This article bring some theories and ways of history, sociology and national politics to the analysis of Manchu-han relation in late Qing and early R.O.C(the Republic of China ) and discuss the early construction of the State of the Chinese nation on the base of the above analysis. Forever, it also concludes some important nationalism theories in the modern time by the numbers. Finally, this article analyzes the relation between Manchu-han relation and the construction of the State of the Chinese nation.The preface mainly includes the retrospect of the academic studies on the Manchu-han relation and nationalism theories, the thought of writing, and some correlative concepts such as nation-state, the Chinese nation.The second part discusses the peculiarity of the Manchu-han relation in dynastic system (from the entry of Qing to the middle of this dynasty)-the assimilation policy to Han used by the Qing dominators. And it also divides the Manchu-han relation into two parts in this period: one is the Late Gold and early Qing, the other is the middle period of Qing dynasty. Besides, considering that the main body of Manchu-Han policy is the emperor of Qing, this part mainly investigate the attitude and tendency of "Nurhaci" , "Shun-zhi", " Hung Tai-ji" and the three emperors of the time of Kang-Qian prosperity.The third part of this article discusses the Manchu-han relation in great-changing period characteristic of adjustment and adaptability. This period also can be divided into two parts: Taping Rebellion and Westernization Movement, the Wuxu Reform and the Boxer Rebellion. In the former part, the Manchu-han relation mainly centered on the anti-manchus of Tai-ping Movement and despise-Manchus-and-value-han. Meanwhile, the traditional Yi-xia concept began to change and the concept of nation-state came into being. As far as the latter concerned, racialism consciousness awakened during the ten years for-aft the Wuxu Reform. The propose of eliminating the difference between Manchu and han gradually enhanced. After the the Wuxu Reform, the movement supporting Qing dynasty and destroying the foreigners which was launched by the upper society stimulate the consciousness of the Chinese nation who wanted themselves being impendent and freedom.The fourth part mainly study the the Manchu-han relation in the vision of the State of the Chinese nation. This period can be described sharpened and bearing. According to some momentous history affairs, two important sections also could be divided: the Reformation of the Late Qing Dynasty, 1911 revolution and the early R.O.C. In the stage of the Reformation of the Late Qing Dynasty, the Constitutionalism launched a fierce controversy with the revolutionist on the issue whether to pull down the Manchu dominant and their regime. However, the dying Manchu dominators were obliged to do some attempts and efforts to eliminate the difference. In the latter period, the revolutionary's ideology became to be mature and were devoted themselves to enrich the theory and practice of "wu-zu-gong-he".The epilogue emphasizes the relationship between the Manchu-han relation and the construction of the State of the Chinese nation, and it mainly analyzes the interaction on the two dimensionalities, one is from nation-assimilation to the formation of nation- community, and the other is from ethnic identify to nation-state identify.