"up And Down," About "the" Before And After The "spatial Metaphor Research

Compared to the ordinary noun,the grammar attribute of directional words is much more complicated.In directional words,the type like "上下","左右"and "前后" which is often used in pairs,is very special.In the morphology,it belongs to contrastive compound words indicating direction.On the cognition metaphor,directional words are useful ways to express the spatial,the time and the quantity."上下","左右"and "前后" may be used in expressing the approximate time,approximate quantity.This paper mainly investigated similarities and differences on the semantics,the pragmatics spacts when"上下","左右" and"前后" project from the spatial domain to the time domain, quantity territory,and we try to explain these similarities and differences.The projections that"上下","左右" and "前后"project from spacial domain to time domain include two kinds of situations:first,"左右" and "前后"are used in the time point,expressing some special time earlier or later.For example,about nine,around 1980,about noon,about Mid-Autumn Festival and so on.When we use the time point, and the digital expression contains more quantity,such as "year","month",we need to use "前后".If the digital expresses the meaning of"slightly",such as "hour","minute" and so on,we will use"左右".Why? Because the time point expressed with holiday,event themselves are quite fuzzy,they can not be suitable for"左右",so they can be followed with "前后".Secondly,"上下" and"左右" are used to express the period of time,to illustrate some period of time slightly longer or shorter.For example, about two hours,about one month,about two weeks and so on."左右" may make a general reference to the spatial around some object.It has multi-dimensional.That is to say,comparing "左右" with"上下" and "前后",the directivity of"左右"is quite fuzzy. The period of time emphasis quantity which does not have the direction.Therefore,the period of time is suitable for "左右"."左右" may also project in quantity domain,expressing the quantity approximate. For example,about two meters,about 600 and so on.In the language materials,"上下" is used in quantity few,and possibly indicates that "上下" has the spatial significance multi-dimensional tendency."前后" can not be used in quantity.We often choose the experienced concept to state a new one.Of all the three words, "上下","前后"and "左右",the pragmatics of "左右" has been broadened,and the usage frequency of "左右" is highest,"左右"may projets from the spatial domain to quantity territory and the time domain freely.The usage frequency of"上下" is inferior to"左右".The directional quanlity of"前后"is the strongest,but it cannot be used in quantity territory completely,and it can only be used in the time domain.