Demonstrative Pronouns. Qin Zhihan Early

The scholars study more about the demonstrative pronoun of ancient Chinese as a whole, but there is nobody studies the demonstrative pronoun by period between Qin Dynasty and the beginning of XiHan Dynasty. This paper uses both quantitative and qualitative analysis, synchronic and diachronic techniques to study the credible unearthed literature and literature handed down from ancient times between Qin Dynasty and the beginning of XiHan Dynasty, makes a exhausting statistics and a comprehensive description of the demonstrative pronoun of them, expecting to show the features of the demonstrative pronoun between Qin Dynasty and the beginning of XiHan Dynasty systematically, and to provide some data for the research of demonstrative pronoun of ancient Chinese.During this time, the substantive pronoun that refers to near comprised"ci(此)","shi(是)","si(斯)"and"ruo(若)"."Ci(此)"and"shi(是)"altogether occupied nearly 99 percent of it, and both can serve as subject, attribute, object and predicate of judgement sentences. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to Qin Dynasty and the beginning of XiHan Dynasty,"ci(此)"developed and expanded constantly, and became the most important substantive pronoun that refers to near in the period between Qin Dynasty and the beginning of XiHan Dynasty, but"shi(是)"decreased gradually. Besides,"shi(是)"in this time was different from that in Western Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States time when it served as object, that is, it was seldom put ahead except in the"shi(zhi) wei(是(之)谓)"structure, especially when it served as prepositional object, the rate of putting ahead was zero. The percentage of"si(斯)"and"ruo(若)"was very little,"si(斯)"can serve as subject, object and attribute while"ruo(若)"can only serve as attribute. The predicate pronoun that refers to near comprised"ran(然)","yun(云)"and"yunyun(云云)", and"ran(然)",which all served as predicate, was of primary importance. The pronoun that refers to far comprised"bi(彼)","qi(其)"and"fu(夫)"."Bi(彼)", which distinguishing was stronger, can serve as subject, object and attribute while"qi(其)"and"fu(夫)"can only serve as attribute.The indefinite pronoun comprised"huo(或)"and"mo(莫)", which both has symmetry in the aspects of function and meaning, while doesn't has symmetry in frequency aspect."Mo(莫)"can constitute double negative sentences with negative adverbs and comparative sentences with"yu(于)","ruo(若)","ru(如)"and"yan(焉)".These two types of sentences both has emphatic function. The pronoun indicating others comprised"ta(他/它/佗)","yu(余)"and"yi(异)"."Ta(他/它/佗)"and"yu(余)"mainly served as subject and attribute and some served as object while"yi(异)", which quantity was very few, only served as attribute."Mei(每)"and"ge(各)", the pronoun that refers to each one, was very few and only serve as attribute. The pronoun that substitutes the subjunctive things comprised"mou(某)","mou mou(某某)","jia(甲) series"."Mou(某)"refers to a broader range, it can serve as attribute, subject, object and two-function members."Mou mou(某某)"refers to person and serves as attribute."Jia(甲) series"mainly refers to person and serves as subject, object, attribute, two-function members and predicate.