| In recent years, with the enhancement of people’s health care consciousness, how to be high-efficiency in calcium supplement has been a topic of growing concern. Sika deer is a featured resource in northeast China, although the deer bone, as a by-product of deer products processing, has a very high nutritional value, its utilization rate is not high all the time. The calcium in deer bone exists in the form of easily-absorbed calcium phosphate, which is an ideal source of calcium. On the one hand, this research aimed at making the deer bone with low utilization rate into deer bone micro powder through ultramicro-pulverization, on the other hand, carrying out enzymolysis treatment on the ultramicro-pulverized bone powder, in order to improve the dissolution rate of calcium in deer bone; and then pressing the deer bone micro powder into bone powder calcium tablet by the direct powder compression method with the advantages of simple operation, energy saving and high efficiency, in order to improve the utilization value of deer bone. The preparation technology of deer bone micro powder, main nutritional components in bone powder, the optimal enzymolysis technology for proteins in deer bone, de bittering of liquid enzymatic hydrolysates of deer bone, micromeritic properties of deer bone micro powder and the optimal prescription of bone powder calcium tablet were mainly studied. Specific contents and conclusions of the research were as follows:(1) Steaming and boiling technology was used for preparation of bone powder, and sensory evaluation was carried out on the prepared deer bone micro powder through three factors and three levels orthogonal experiment design, and the optimal technology conditions for deer bone steaming and boiling were as follows:steaming and boiling temperature being 110℃, steaming and boiling time being 40min, the ratio of solid to liquid being 1:1:5, and by this time, the prepared deer bone micro powder was comparatively ideal in appearance, grain fineness and taste & flavor. The percentage of deer bone micro powder with fineness less than 160 meshes, prepared through optimal steaming and boiling technology accounted for 79.8%, meaning that the powder can be easily absorbed by human body.(2) Contents of main nutritional components and amino acids in the bone powder were determined, and the results indicated that the protein content was 28.34%, fat content was 11.49%, calcium content was 19.95%, and phosphorus content was 10.03% in deer bone micro powder. And eight essential amino acids needed by human body were all detected with high content in deer bone micro powder, therefore, deer bone was a nourishing high quality food of high protein, low fat, with calcium-phosphorus ratio conforming to the optimal proportion for human body absorption.(3) Alkaline protease, trypsin, papain, neutral protease and flavourzyme were selected respectively for hydrolysis of deer bone micro powder under their optimal hydrolysis conditions; using the degree of hydrolysis as evaluation indicator, the results indicated that the hydrolysis effects of trypsin and flavourzyme were relatively superior. Therefore, the two enzymes were compounded to increase action sites of the enzymes, in order to achieve a higher degree of hydrolysis; and the results indicated that when the proportion of trypsin and flavourzyme was 1:2, the degree of hydrolysis of proteins in bone powder was the biggest.(4) Response surface methodology was used for optimizing the hydrolysis technology of proteins in deer bone. With the usage amount of compounded enzyme (Xi), pH value (X2), enzymolysis temperature (X3) and enzymolysis time (X4) as experimental factors, and the degree of hydrolysis (Y) as experimental indicator, the regression analysis was carried out, and quadratic polynomial regression model was established. The optimal enzymolysis technology conditions obtained through optimization were usage amount of enzyme being 3.24%, pH value being 6.88, enzymolysis time being 4.97h and enzymolysis temperature being 51.25℃.(5)-Some hydrophobic amino acid side chains were exposed due to the hydrolysis of the bone powder proteins, which made the liquid enzymatic hydrolysates taste bitter. Therefore, with glycine and glucose as de-bittering agents, the de-bittering experiment was carried out on the liquid enzymatic hydrolysates of bone powder using taste masking method; the results indicated that the glucose was superior to glycine in de-bittering effects, and the glucose can achieve the function of masking bitterness when its added amount was about 7%.(6) Micromeritic properties of deer bone micro powder were determined because direct powder compression method has requirements for micromeritic properties of the raw materials. The results indicated that as for deer bone micro powder, its bulk density was 0.4g/cm3, its tap density was 0.78g/cm3, its outflow rate was 0.37g/s, and its angle of repose was 41°, which showed the poor flowability of deer bone micro powder. Compressibility of deer bone micro powder was studied by Kawakita equation, and the results showed that deer bone micro powder was easily molded by compression.(7) Lubricant, filler and disintegrant were screened through experiment, which showed that magnesium stearate had a high ability in improving the flowability of deer bone micro powder; lactose may effectively improve the hygroscopicity of deer bone micro powder and the hardness of bone powder calcium tablet, and with the addition of sodium carboxymethyl starch, the disintegration time of bone powder calcium tablet was 8.66min, which conformed to the requirements of "Chinese pharmacopoeia" for disintegration time limit of tablets; therefore, lactose, magnesium stearate and sodium carboxymethyl starch were selected as filler, lubricant and disintegrant respectively.The limited mixture uniform design was carried out using DPS 9.50 data processing software, and quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model was used for data analysis; the determination proved that the model was rational and reliable, and can well predict the comprehensive scores of bone powder calcium tablet. The first-order partial derivative of the regression equation was set to zero and the optimal prescription of deer bone calcium tablet was obtained as follows: deer bone micro powder being 60.89%, lactose being 30.93%, sodium carboxymethyl starch being 4.8%, and magnesium stearate being 2.1%.The innovation points of this paper:(1) Production technology of deer bone micro powder and optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of deer bone proteins were determined, which increased the dissolution of calcium in deer bone on the one hand, and improved the chelation rate of amino acids on the other hand.(2) Micromeritic properties of deer bone micro powder were studied, which provided theoretical basis for direct powder compression method.(3) The optimal prescription of powder direct compression of deer bone calcium tablet is studied. |
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