A Study On Social Capital Of Countryside In China

Rural social capital is the current scholastic hot spot, which has been researched a lot. But its regret is obvious. First, most scholars directly use it as an established tool to research the problems in Chinese rural areas without any theory localization. Secondly, the study of social capital is mostly concentrated in rural interpersonal level which is a lack of the study on the rural social structure and the external environment. Then, the research on rural social capital mainly stays on static level, which has a disadvantage of the intrinsic logic inquiry. Finally, the exploitation and utility of rural social capital is inadequate under the background of new village construction. In allusion to these issues, this article attempts to specially research on the current rural social capital.The regret remains in China's rural social capital study is more or less caused by the imperfection of the theory. So, this article first probes into the conception, characteristics and types of rural social capital, combines with the reality of rural society in transformation period and builds a "native" rural social capital analytical framework. Then, with the investigation in the two-Tao village, social capital in rural areas on the level of interpersonal, social structure and the external environment is systematically analyzed.On the interpersonal level, the current rural social relationships and the types of conditions have been inspected and the interpersonal tools instrumentally trend of development is revealed. However, in realistic life, not every people can be able to achieve anticipated goals. In other words, the changing of villagers'"interpersonal relations" into social capital requires certain conditions and processes. The analysis on conditions and process in this paper constitutes the grasp on "relationship capital" formation and operation of internal logic. Based on this, we use the survey data to penetrate into the villagers'interpersonal relations and confirm the conclusion that the "interpersonal relationships" needs to turn into "relations resources" and then into "relationship capital" .And different villagers "relationship capital" are analyzed from the angles of gender, age and industry.In the social structure lay, the paper first inspects the rural community structure in the period of transformation and analyzes the pattern of difference sequence and circular layer structure. By comparison, the current structure of rural social relations has showed an unprecedented situation. However, the pattern of difference sequence is still the main relation structure. Based on this, by considering the reasonable factors in circular layer structure this thesis establishes the steps and methods which can analyzes the rural social capital. On this basis, in combination with Two Tao village cases, the conditions of researching and gaining resources have been deeply probed into though the path of the pattern of difference sequence and circular layer structure. Ultimately, this paper draws a conclusion that on the one hand, the pattern of difference sequence is not adequately capitalization and on the other the interaction between villagers and rural elites is hard to achieve under circular layer structure.On the exterior circumstances, my study first surveys the cultural norms of rural community, the results shows that: the Confucian traditional culture, exist as a relationship orientation, morality or human norm, is strongly shocked by profiteering culture in market economy. This shock have made a great decrease in the already existing ethics, norms and social customs, the inner binding force, and the human relationship of the countryside. After my making an analysis of rural social system, I find that changes in the system have guided and promoted these situations from arising to a large extent. In the changes of compulsory system, government enforced their embracive controls of resources in short supply from above. Under the ideological reinforcement and deterrence of class struggles, the relationships between rural residents gradually faded out, and the special principles, such as"the pattern of difference sequence"and ritualism met with strong shock. During the period of inducing institutional variance, the establishment of family-contract responsibility system made a social separation between rural residents in a lateral direction. After the establishing of villager autonomy system, the village-town level powers in professional organizations become weaken, and their great holds over villagers were largely lost. All of these changes intensified the morass of active and effective actions in rural community.Finally, I find the entering point, just as cultural norms and systems, of grasping the wholeness of social capital in rural community with social view of space and time. On this basis, I succeed in hackling the interrelations among various levels of social capital, and discovering their reactions. By analysis, we can see that there is something wrong with the rural cultural norms or systems of China, and it is the fundamental problem that has a big impact on the power of capital operation; it is also the root cause of the lowness in capital stock and the irrational composition. Based on above analysis, this paper reveals that the improvement of the capital operations of relationship and social order components must be accomplished through the external environment ones first. It is a pressing matter of resolving the problems exist in cultural norms and systems in rural community, rebuilding the relations between rights and duties of them rationally. This text presents five concrete measures of the development and utility of social capital in rural area in new rural construction: First, set clear moral rules through confidence building mechanisms; Second, focus on rural culture, reasonable ethical rules strongly; Third, breed rural economy organizations, and develop the collective economy in rural areas; Construction of four is establishing the two-level management system in rural areas, and increasing resource input of the rural community; Fifth, build public serve and product system, and enhance the internal unity in village.