Systematic Study On Subfamilies Opisthocosmiinae、 Cosmiellinae And Eudohrninae (Dermaptera, Forficulidae) From China

The subfamilies Opisthocosmiinae、Cosmiellinae and Eudohrninae belong to Forficulidae, Forficuloidea, Forficulina, Dermaptera, Insecta. There are about 460 species in Forficulidae worldwide and about 110 species from China.This thesis was dealed with the taxonomic studies of the subfamilies Opisthocosmiinae、Cosmiellinae and Eudohrninae from China.54 species belong to 16 genera in the 3 subfamilies were classified and described with the original taxonomic studies, the keys to subfamilies、genera and species were given; the cladograms of the 3 subfamilies were established respectively by cladistics with the WinClada 1.00.08 software and their relationships were discussed; The distributions of the 3 subfamilies in world and China were discussed by the biogeographic studies. The detail results were as follows:1. Morphological taxonomy study on Opisthocosmiinae、Cosmiellinae and Eudohrninae from ChinaThe morphological terminology was mainly based on "Fauna Sinica Insecta VOL.35" edited by Chen & Ma (2004). All the materials were dry specimens. Male genitalia were dissected with the stereomicroscope Totic SMZ-140. All the morphological features were drawn by the Adobe Illustrator 6.0 software.In this thesis,6 species,5 genera of Cosmiellinae、39 species,8 genera of Opisthocosmiinae and 9 species,3 genera of Eudohrninae were reported and described from China, including 10 new species,9 new combinations,1 species recover,8 speices synonyms,2 genera synonyms. Meanwhile, all the species were described in detail, and the keys to genera and species are given. Besides, the literature citations, synonyms, specimen collected information and distribution were provided.Ten new species were as follows: Genus Timomenus has 2 new species:T. bicolor Sun et al.; T. bii Sun et al.. Genus Kosmetor has 2 new species:K. immaculata sp. nov.; K. sinicus sp. nov.. Genus Cordax has 1 new species:C. serratus Sun et al.. Genus Liparura has 1 new species:L. tibetica sp. nov.. Genus Obelura has 1 new species:O. sakaii sp. nov.. Genus Afrocosmia has 1 new species:A. parvus sp. nov.. Genus Pterygida has 2 new species:P.fallax sp. nov.; P. purpurlis sp. nov..Nine new combinations:Kosmetor yezoensis (Matsumura & Shiraki,1905) comb, nov.; Kosmetor flavocapitata (Shiraki,1905) comb, nov.; Kosmetor nathani (Srivastava,1969) comb, nov.; Mesolabia ramosa (Zhang, Ma & Chen,1992); Eparchus setosus (Zhang & Yang,1992) comb, nov.; Cordax claviger (Burr,1901); Cordax unidentatus (Borelli,1915); Cordax femorata (Matsumura,1913) comb, nov.; Pterygida calmar (Steinmann,1988) comb. nov..One species recover:Cordax femorata (Matsumura,1913).Eight species synonyms:Eutimomenus paradoxa Bey-Bienko,1970 (= Cordax claviger (Burr,1917)); Timomenus inermis Borelli,1915 (= Cordax unidentatus (Borelli,1915)); Timomenus cuneatus Zhang,1991 (= Cordax unidentatus (Borelli, 1915)); Timomenus morsus Steinmann,1982 (= Timomenus aeris (Shiraki,1906)); Timomenus iterates Steinmann,1982 (= Timomenus aeris (Shiraki,1906)); Syntonus montanus Hincks,1947 (= Syntonus dubius (Bormans,1894)); Paratimomenus incognitus Steinmann,1993 (= Eparchus tuberculatus (Borelli,1921)); Anechura biswasi Srivastava,1993 (= Lipodes vivax (Burr,1905))。Two genera synonyms:Paratimomenus Steinmann,1974 (= Kosmetor Burr, 1907); Narberia Burr,1911 (= Hypurgus Burr,1907)。All the specimens including the type specimens of the new species were deposited in the Biological History Museum of East China Normal University, Shanghai Entomology Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Biological History Museum 08of Shanghai Normal University.2. Cladistic study on Cosmiellinae、Opisthocosmiinae and Eudohrninae from China29 characters of 25 species of 8 genera in Opisthocosmiinae、5 genera in Cosmiellinae and 3 genera in Eudohrninae were selected to reconstruct the cladistical trees by WinClada 1.00.08 software. The results were as follows:(1) OpisthocosmiinaeTimomenus and Cordax were relatively closed, because genitalia with aciculiform parameres and the feature was distinguish from other genera in Opisthocosmiinae. So they are far closed with other genera. Mesolabia and Syntonus were relatively closed, because eltyra short, without rounded shoulders, wings absent. While M. ramosa and M. niitakaensis were not grouped as a clade, and M. ramosa and Kosmetor were relatively closed, because elytra and wing well developed、elytra with rounded shoulders and the hind margins of elytra truncate. Hypurgus, Chaetocosmia and Eparchus were relatively closed, because eltyra and wings were completely developed, forceps of male with tubercles. The differences among them were that 5-9 abdominal tergites of male with tubercles at both sides, basal part of male forceps not depressed, body smooth or pilose, the length between the sale of wing and pronotum.Therefore, the features of genera in Opisthocosmiinae which could distinguish from others were that the degree of elytra and wing development the longth between hind tarsus and second to third joint、the shape of last dorsal segment and the parameres and so on.(2) CosmiellinaeCosmiola、Afrocosmia and Cosmiella were relatived closely, because elytra well developed, external margins with a complete ridge. Obelura and Liparura were relatively closed, because elytra abbreviated, with obliquely truncate and not covering metanotum, keeled through entire length. Two species of Cosmiella were grouped as a clade and they were relatived closed. Cosmiola、Afrocosmia、Obelura and Liparura only had one species. O. sakaii and L. tibetica were relatively closed. A. parvus and C. simplex were relatively closed.Therefore, the features of genera in Cosmiellinae which could distinguish from others were that the degree of elytra development、the ridge of the external margins and so on.(3) EudohrninaeEudohrnia was divided from another two genera because first antennal segment flatted, without lateral ridges. Pterygida and Lipodes were closer, because first antennal segment is cylindrical, with lateral ridges. The differences between them were that eltyra with thick punctations or granules, forceps of male furcate or not at terminal. The species in Eudohrnia and Pterygida were grouped as a clade in their own genera. Lipodes only had one species and it was relatively closed with other two species in Pterygida.3. Biogeographic study on Opisthocosmiinae、Cosmiellinae and Eudohrninae from ChinaAccording to the exiting specimen information and related literatures, the biogeographical distributions of Cosmiellinae、Opisthocosmiinae and Eudohrninae were preliminarily studied. The results indicated that the species of Opisthocosmiinae and Eudohrninae both decreased from the equator to the poles, and the diversity of species in the Oriental realm was the richest, more than half of the total. The diversity of species in the Oriental realm of Cosmiellinae was the richest and the Neotropical realm was second. Therefore, the species of this 3 subfamilies in the subtropical and tropical regions were more than those in the temperate regions. They were mainly affected by the latitude and temperature and it mainly depended on its habitat. Dermaptera insects originated in tropical and subtropical regions and high requirements for temperature and humidity. Together with its weak flight ability, and most species had no flight ability, thus limiting its ability to migrate.In China, Opisthocosmiinae-. Cosmiellinae and Eudohrninae were mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River. The habit is relative to laying eggs, and low temperature can affect the growth of eggs. The south belongs to subtropical and tropical climate, and temperature、rainfall、geography and vegetation are various. They can provide abundant food and good living environment for the 3 subfamilies and make the species diversity in Dermaptera of the south of the Yangtze river region more abundant.