| Quantum information is being a new subject, which is an importantly scientific signification and potentially applied value. The background of quantum information and the fundamentals of quantum mechanics are introduced in chapter 1 and chapter 2. In chapter 3, we propose an electron-nuclear double spins (EDOS) of single particle solid-state quantum computer by using the special tip of the STM. A single-spin measurement and a Control-Not gate are completed at the same time by using the STM. And it needn't be designed an atomically-precise array of phosphorus nuclei in silicon. All these advantages just overcome the difficulties in the Kane's design. It was relatively easy that the computer would be realized on experiment if the special tip of the STM has been prepared. In the next chapter, a cooperative multi-player quantum game played by 3 and 4 players and a quantum game played by two players with restricted multiple strategies have been studied. Quantum superposed operator is introduced in this work which solves the non-zero sum question in previous treatment. At the same time, we give a way of resolve the kinds of questions. The role of quantum entanglement of the initial state is discussed in details. We find that when Nash equilibrium exists the pay off function is usually different from that in the classical counterpart except in some special cases. This presents an explicit example where quantum game and classical game differ fundamentally. In the finally chapter, the others schemes of quantum computer are discussed and point out the advantage and the shortcut of them.
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